kamalaselvaraj: கமல.செல்வராஜீன் கவிதைகள்

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; - Xh; Ma;t[

mHfg;gh gy;fiyf;fHf vk;.@gpy; (M.Phil) gl;lj;jpw;fhf mspf;fg;gLk; Ma;ntL

Ma;thsh;

bgh. bre;jpy; Fkhh;

gjpt[ vz; : 2002607291

jkpHpay; Ma;t[j;Jiw

bjhiyepiyf; fy;tp ,af;ffk;

mHfg;gh gy;fiyf;fHfk;

fhiuf;Fo

2008

Kidth;. S. FkhuRthkp/ vk;.V./ gpvr;.o./ o.n$./ mf!;jP!;tuk;/

Xa;t[ bgw;w jkpH;g; nguhrphpah;/ - - 2008.

tpntfhde;jh fy;Y}hp/

mf!;jP!;tuk;.

nkw;ghh;itahsh; rhd;wpjH;

"fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; - Xh; Ma;t[" vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; bgh. bre;jpy; Fkhh; (gjpt[ vz; : 2002607291) mth;fs; bra;Js;s ,t;tha;t[ mHfg;gh gy;fiyf;fHf vk;.@gpy; (M.Phil)

gl;lj;jpw;fhfj; bjhiyepiyf; fy;tp ,af;ffj;jpy; gapd;wnghJ Ma;thsuhy; jd;dpr;irahfr; bra;ag;gl;lJ vd;Wk;/ ,t;tha;tpw;fhf Ma;thsUf;F ntW ve;jg; gl;lKk; ,Jtiu mspf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;Wk; rhd;wspf;fpnwd;.

(Kidth;. S. FkhuRthkp)

nkw;ghh;itahsh;.

bgh. bre;jpy; Fkhh;/ DTE, M.A., B.Lit., re;ijtpis/

j/bg. D. bghd;DRthkp (Xa;t[ Mrphpah;)/ - - 2008.

bghd;D ,y;yk;/

re;ijtpis/

jhHf;Fo m";ry; - 629 901/

fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;.

Ma;thsh; cWjpbkhHp

"fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; - Xh; Ma;t[" vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mHfg;gh gy;fiyf;fHf vk;.@gpy; (M.Phil) gl;lj;jpw;fhf vGjg;gl;Ls;s ,t;tha;t[ vd; brhe;j Kaw;rpahy; cUthdjhFk;. ,t;tha;ntL ,jw;F Kd; ntW ve;j Muha;r;rpg; gl;lj;jpw;Fk; mspf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W cWjpaspf;fpnwd;.

(bgh. bre;jpy; Fkhh;)

cWjpf; ifbahg;gk; Ma;thsh;.

iii

ed;wpa[iu

"fky. bry;uh$Pd; ftpijfs; - Xh; Ma;t[" vd;Dk; ,t;tha;ntL ey;yKiwapy; epiwt[bgWtjw;Fj; jpUtUs; g[hpe;j vy;yhk; ty;y ,iwtDf;Fk;/ vdf;F Mf;fKk;/ Cf;fKk; mspj;j vdJ je;ija[k;/ MrphpaUkhd nj. bghd;DRthkp mth;fSf;Fk; vd; ed;wpiaj; bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.

Ma;tpw;Fhpa jiyg;igj; njh;e;bjLf;f mDkjpaspj;j mHfg;gh gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpw;Fk;/ Ma;tpw;F cjtpfis bra;J je;j gy;fiyf;fHfj; jkpHpay;Jiw nguhrphpah;fs; midtUf;Fk; vdJ csk; epiwe;j ed;wpapid bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.

Ma;tpw;F nkw;ghh;itahsuhf ,Ue;J tHpfhl;o Ma;ntL rpwg;g[w miktjw;Fg; ngUjtp g[hpe;J Ma;tpid KGikg;gLj;jpa nguhrphpah; Kidth;. v!;. FkhuRthkp/ vk;.V./ gpvr;.o./ o.n$. mth;fSf;F vdJ be";rhh;e;j ed;wpapid bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.

Ma;tpw;Fhpa bewpKiwfisa[k; mikg;gpida[k; je;j tpGg;g[uk; khtl;lk; m';fD}h; gs;sp jiyik Mrphpah; it. ,uhkrhkp

mth;fSf;Fk;/ cjtp bjhlf;ff;fy;tp mYtyh; ,uhn$!;thp mth;fSf;Fk;/ vdJ j';if K. jPgh/ vk;.v!;!p./ vk;.@gpy;./ mth;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wp chpj;jhFf.

,t;tha;ntl;oidf; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; fzpdp \yk; jl;lr;Rr; bra;J je;j ehfh;nfhtpy; fz;zd; fzpdp epWtd chpikahsh; jpU. m. RFkhud; mth;fSf;Fk;/ mth;jk; gzpahsh;fSf;Fk; vdJ kdkhh;e;j ed;wpfs; vd;Wk; chpj;jhFf.

(bgh. bre;jpy; Fkhh;)

Ma;thsh;.

RUf;ff; FwpaPl;L tpsf;fk;

g. - gf;fk;

gf;. - gf;f';fs;

nk.g. - nkw;go

K.E} - Kd;dh; Fwpg;gpl;l E}y;

thp. - thpfs;

bghUslf;fk;

gf;fk;

nkw;ghh;itahsh; rhd;wpjH; i

Ma;thsh; cWjpbkhHp ii

ed;wpa[iu iii - iv

RUf;ff; FwpaPl;L tpsf;fk; v

bghUslf;fk; vi

,ay; 1 Ma;tpay; mwpKfk; 1 - 10

,ay; 2 g[Jf;ftpij - xU ghh;it 11 - 24

,ay; 3 ,yf;fpa';fspy; rKjhag; ghh;it 25 - 33

,ay; 4 fky. bry;tuh$; - Xh; mwpKfk; 34 - 44

,ay; 5 rKjhar; rpf;fy;fSk; jPh;t[fSk; 45 - 100

,ay; 6 ghLbghUSk; cj;jpfSk; 101 - 119

,ay; 7 Ma;t[ epiwt[iu 120 - 123

JizE}w;gl;oay; 124 - 127

,ay; - xd;W

Ma;tpay; mwpKfk;

1.0 Kd;Diu

1.1 Ma;t[j; jiyg;g[

1.2 Ma;t[r; rpf;fy;

1.3 Ma;t[ nehf;fk;

1.4 fUJnfhs;

1.5 Ma;t[j; jut[fs;

1.6 Ma;t[ vy;iy

1.7 mqFKiw

1.8 ,ay; tpsf;fk;

1.0 Kd;Diu

g[ul;rpf;ftp ghujpapd; ghijapny g[Jf;ftpij vd;Dk; njUf;F tlk; gpof;f te;jth;fSs; fky. bry;tuh$Pt[k; xUth;. rKjhaj;jpd; bkhj;j eilKiw cz;ikfisj; jkJ ftpijfspy; tog;gth; btFrpynu Mth;. mth;fSs; ,tUk; xUtuhf tps';Ffpwhh;. ,tUila ftpijfspy; fhjy;/ fw;gid nghd;wtw;iwf; fhz ,ayhJ. ,tuJ ftpijfs; mHfpaw; ghh;ita[ld; rKjhaj;ijr; rpj;jphpg;gjhf mika[k;.

,yf;fpak; gilg;gth;fs; rKjhag; ghh;it cilatuhf tps';Fjy; ntz;Lk;. rKjhag; ghh;it vd;gJ rKjhaj;jpd; epiw Fiwfisf; fzpj;Jf; Fiwfis ePf;Fk; tHpKiwfisg; g[yg;gLj;Jtdthf mika[k;. muR/ jdpkdpjd;/ rKjhak; vd;Dk; \d;Wk; rKjhag; ghh;itapd; cs;slf;fk; MFk;.

,yf;fpathjpfspd; gilg;g[f;fs; rKjhaj;jpd; mGf;F-fisg; nghf;Fk; mUkUe;jhf mikfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspy; rKjhag; ghh;it mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mr;rKjhag; ghh;itapid ,t;tha;t[ fhl;l Kw;gLfpwJ.

1.1 Ma;t[j; jiyg;g[

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; - Xh; Ma;t[ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk; ,t;tha;t[ ,yf;fpa Ma;thFk;. ,t;tha;tpd;fz; mtUila rKjhag; ghh;it Muhag;gLfpwJ.

1.2 Ma;t[r; rpf;fy;

jw;fhyf; ftp"h;fs; gyUila ftpijfSf;F kj;jpapy; fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; rKjhaj;jpy; beUg;gha; g[ife;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; gy;ntW gpur;ridfis myrp Muha;e;J mtw;wpd; Mzpntiur; R{lhft[k;/ Ritahft[k; brhy;Yfpd;w rpwg;ig czh;e;J mtUila gilg;g[f;fis Ma;thsh; Ma;t[f;Fhpa bghUshff; bfhz;Ls;shh;.

xUth; nkw;bfhs;Sk; Ma;t[ rKjhaj;jpw;F vs;ssntDk; gad; tpistpg;gjhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Ma;t[yf mwp"h;fs; fUj;J. ,t;tha;tpd; \yk; r\fk; gz;gl ntz;Lk; vd;w nkyhd fUj;ij kdjpy; bfhz;L fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; - Xh; Ma;t[ vd;Dk; jiyg;g[j; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rKjha czh;t[k;/ r\fk; gw;wpa gd;Kf Ma;t[k; bfhz;l gilg;ghspapd; gilg;g[f;fs; rKjhar; rpf;fy;fisf; fhl;LtnjhL epd;Wtplhky; mr;rpf;fy;fisj; jPh;f;f tHpKiwfisa[k; Tw ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; fUj;jpw;Ff; ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; rhd;Wfshfpd;wd vdyhk;.

1.3 Ma;t[ nehf;fk;

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; gilg;g[f;fspy; vLj;jhsg;gl;oUf;Fk; rKjhaj;jpd; gy;ntW rpf;fy;fis milahsk; fhz;gJk; - mr;rpf;fy;fSf;Ff; ftp"h; tpsf;fpa[s;s jPh;t[ Kiwfis mwptpay; mog;gilapy; tpsf;FtJk; ,t;tha;tpd; nehf;fk; MFk;.

1.4 fUJnfhs;

fky. bry;tuh$; - ftpijfs; rKjhaj;jpd; eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fisa[k;/ mtw;iwj; jPh;g;gjw;Fhpa tHpKiwfisa[k; cs;slf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wdth? vd;gnj ,t;tha;tpd; fUJnfhshFk;.

1.5 Ma;t[j; jut[fs;

ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$; vGjpa ftpijj; bjhFjpahd "Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko" ,t;tha;tpw;Fhpa Kjd;ikj; juthf mikfpwJ. ftp"h; jd; vz;z';fisg; gw;wpf; TwpaJ/ gpw rpe;jidahsh;fs; ftp"iug; gw;wpf; Twpait/ ,g;gilg;g[f;fnshL bjhlh;g[ila rpy E}y;fs;/ Ma;ntLfs;/ fl;Liufs; Mfpadt[k; Jizj; jut[fshf mikfpd;wd.

1.6 Ma;t[ vy;iy

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpij E}yhfpa "Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko" kl;Lnk ,t;tha;t[f;F vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1.7 mqFKiw

"fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; - Xh; Ma;t[" vd;Dk; ,t;tha;tpy; rKjhatpay; mqFKiw nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

,t;tha;t[ tpsf;fKiw (Descriptive) Ma;thft[k;/ gFg;g[ Kiw (Analytical ) Ma;thft[k; mikfpd;wJ.

1.8 ,ay; - tpsf;fk;

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; - Xh; Ma;t[ vd;w ,t;tha;ntL VG ,ay;fshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit

1. Ma;tpay; mwpKfk;

2. g[Jf;ftpij - xU ghh;it

3. ,yf;fpa';fspy; rKjhag; ghh;it

4. fky. bry;tuh$; - Xh; mwpKfk;

5. rKjhar; rpf;fy;fSk; jPh;t[fSk;

6. ghLbghUSk; cj;jpfSk;

7. Ma;t[ epiwt[iu

vd;gdthFk;.

1.8.1 Ma;tpay; mwpKfk;

,t;tpay; Ma;t[j; jiyg;g[/ Ma;t[r;rpf;fy;/ Ma;t[ nehf;fk;/ fUJnfhs;/ Ma;t[j; jut[fs;/ Ma;t[ vy;iy/ mqFKiw vd;gdtw;iw tphpj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

1.8.2 g[Jf;ftpij - xU ghh;it

g[Jf;ftpij vd;gJ gw;wpa tpsf;fk;/ ghLbghUs; njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpa[k;/ g[Jf;ftpij ,yf;fzk;/ cs;slf;fk;/ Kw;nghf;Fk; gpw;nghf;Fk;/ g[Jf;ftpij - xU g[Jg;ghh;it/ g[Jf;ftpijapd; ,d;iwa epiy vd ,it gw;wpa bra;jpfisf; bfhz;likfpwJ ,t;tpay;.

1.8.3 ,yf;fpa';fspy; rKjhag; ghh;it

,t;tpay; rKjhag; ghh;it gw;wpa tpsf;fk; je;J ,yf;fpa';fSf;Fk;/ rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilna cs;s bjhlh;gpida[k;/ ,yf;fpa';fs; rKjhaj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; jd;ikapida[k; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

1.8.4 fky. bry;tuh$; - Xh; mwpKfk;

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; thH;f;if xU fz;nzhl;lk;/ fky. bry;tuh$Pd; gilg;g[f;fs;/ ftpijfspd; jd;ik vd ,itgw;wp vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ ,g;gFjp.

1.8.5 rKjhar; rpf;fy;fSk; jPh;t[fSk;

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; fhl;Lfpd;w rKjhar; rpf;fy;fisa[k;/ jPh;t[fisa[k; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;w ,t;tpay; r\f mtyk;/ rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fs;/ kJbtwp/ Kuz;ghL/ kdpjk;/ Md;kPfk;/ ,is"d; Mfpa VG cl;jiyg;g[fis cs;slf;fpaJ. bjhlh;e;J rpf;fYf;fhd jPh;t[fisa[k; ,t;tpay; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

1.8.5.1 r\f mtyk;

"r\f mtyk;" vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPH; tWik epue;ju tpUe;jhsp/ ehL eyk; bgw/ ehL vd; ifapy; fpilj;jhy;/ ntrk;/ vd; njrk; tpHpj;bjHl;Lk; nghd;wtw;iw vLj;J tpsf;fpa[iuf;Fk; tpjkhf mikfpwJ.

1.8.5.2 rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fs;

"rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fs;" vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPH; kjpg;gPL/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ bts;is cs;sk;/ ey;ynjhh; tPiz/ bksdk; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fk; tpjkhf mikfpwJ.

1.8.5.3 kJbtwp

"kJbtwp" vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPH: kJtpdhy; tUk; jPikfisf; fhl;o kJit xHpg;nghk;/ ey;ynjhh; rKjhak; mikg;nghk; vd;gdtw;iwg; gw;wp ftp"h; TWk; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

1.8.5.4 Kuz;ghL

fhyk;/ fhjy;/ Kuz;ghL/ vd; njrk; tpHpj;bjHl;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jf;fis "Kuz;ghL" vd;w jiyg;g[ rpj;jphpf;fpwJ.

1.8.5.5 kdpjk;

"kdpjk;" vd;Dk; jiyg;g[ ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpd; jpUkzk;/ fhjy; thH;t[/ kdpjid thl;o tijf;Fk; tWikia xHpg;nghk;/ mwpt[ bewpapy; thH;th';F thH;nthk; vd;w fUj;Jf;fisg; glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

1.8.5.6 Md;kPfk;

"Md;kPfk;" vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,d;iwa nghyp Md;kPfk;/ cz;ikahd Md;kPfk; vg;go ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;git gw;wpa

fUj;Jf;fis 'ehLk; ehKk;'/ 'vjph;fhyk;'/ 'ehL vd; ifapy; fpilj;jhy;'/ 'ey;ynjhh; tPiz'/ 'vd; njrk; tpHpj;bjHl;Lk;' vd;fpw jiyg;g[f;fs; glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Ltjhf mikfpd;wd.

1.8.5.7 ,is"d;

",is"d;" vd;Dk; jiyg;g[ ,is"dpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,k;kz;qyfpw;Ff; fhl;Lk; tifapny mtdJ rpwg;gpid rpfuj;ij nehf;fp vd;Wk;/ fhyk; ,dpik bfhz;lJ vd;gij fhyk; vd;Wk;/ ,is"dpd; rhjidfs; ,dpait vd;gjid epidf;fpnwd; ,dpf;fpwJ vd;w fUj;jpd; mog;gilapy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

1.8.5.8 jPh;t[fs;

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspd; jPh;t[fs; vd;Dk; jiyg;g[ rKjhar; rpf;fy;fisj; jPh;g;gjw;Fhpa tHpKiwfisg; gw;wpg; ngRfpwJ. r\f khw;wk; cUthf ntz;Lk; vDk; bra;jpiaj; jUjw;fhf 'bgz;nz Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko' vd;w jiyg;gpy; ftpij je;Js;shh;.

1.8.6 ghLbghUSk; cj;jpfSk;

fky. bry;tuh$; jhd; Twf; fUjpa fUj;Jf;fis gy cj;jpfs; thapyhf btspg;gLj;jpa[s;s epiyia ,t;tpay; tpsf;FfpwJ. mjw;Fhpa cj;jpfisg; gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ ,g;gFjp.

1.8.7 Ma;t[ epiwt[iu

,g;gFjpapy; ,t;tha;t[ \yk; fpilf;fg; bgw;w cz;ikfs; Twg;gl;Ls;sd.

Ma;t[ epiwt[iuiaj; bjhlh;e;J JizE}w;gl;oay; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.

,ay; - ,uz;L

g[Jf;ftpij - xU ghh;it

2.0 Kd;Diu

2.1 g[Jf;ftpij tpsf;fk;

2.1.1 g[Jf;ftpij - ghLbghUs;

2.1.2 jkpHpy; g[Jf;ftpij - njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpa[k;

2.1.3 g[Jf;ftpij - ,yf;fzk;

2.1.4 g[Jf;ftpij - cs;slf;fk;

2.1.5 Kw;nghf;Fk; gpw;nghf;Fk;

2.1.6 g[Jf;ftpij - xU g[Jg;ghh;it

2.1.7 g[Jf;ftpijapd; ,d;iwa epiy

2.2 bjhFg;g[iu

mof;Fwpg;g[f;fs;

2.0 Kd;Diu

fhy ntfj;jpd; ftpijj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;w';fis Vw;Wf; bfhz;L ,f;fhyf; ftp"h;fshy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l g[jpa Kaw;rp g[Jf;ftpij MFk;. g[Jf;ftpij jkpHd;idf;Fr; R{l;lg;gl;l g[jpanjhh; mzpahFk;. ,jid ,ay;ghf Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpahfnt bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

"g{f;fspy; vj;jid epw cUt';fs; cz;nlh mj;jid cUt';fs; ftpijfspYk; cz;L. jkpH; md;id ,g;nghbjy;yhk; g[Jg;g[J tot';fspy; ftpijiag; bgw;bwLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwhs;" vd;fpwhh; fp. uh$ehuhazd;. "jkpHd;id ,d;W bgw;bwLj;jpUg;gJ jhd; g[Jf;ftpij vd;Dk; g[Jg;g{"¹ vdg; g[Jf;ftpij xU g[Jg;ghh;it E}y; \yk; mwpa KofpwJ.

2.1 g[Jf;ftpij tpsf;fk;

gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L tiuapy; jkpH: ,yf;fpa totk; vd;gJ bra;a[s; totkhfnt ,Ue;jJ. thdpay;/ kUj;Jtk;/ jj;Jtk;/ jUf;fk; nghd;w ve;j E}yhf ,Ue;jhYk; midj;Jk; bra;a[s; eilapnyna mike;jpUe;jd.

fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fUj;J khw;wKk;/ fUj;J khw;wj;jpw;F <LbfhLf;Fk; tifapy; ,yf;fpa tif khw;wKk; Vw;gl;L tUfpd;wd. fhyj;Jf;nfw;g thH;f;if khwp tUtjhy; thH;f;ifapd; fhyoapy; gpwf;Fk; rpe;jidfs; khw;wKWfpd;wd. rpe;jidfs; khw;wKWk; nghJ btspg;gLk; fiy tot';fSk; khWfpd;wd.

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ahg;g[ KiwfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;glhky; cs;sj;J czh;t[fSf;F Rje;jpukhd vGj;J totk; bfhLf;Fk; ,g;gilg;g[ Kaw;rp "trd ftpij" vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; "ahg;gpy;yhf; ftpij", ",yF ftpij" nghd;w bgah;fis mikj;Jg; ghh;j;jdh; gyh;. ",Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lf; ftpijfis Muha[kplj;J ghujpjhd; gHikf;Fk;/ g[Jikf;Fk; ghykhf ,Uf;fpwhh;"² vd;Dk; fUj;Jg; g[ydhFk;.

2.1.1 g[Jf;ftpij - ghLbghUs;

xt;bthU fhyj;jpy; njhd;Wk; ,yf;fpa';fSf;Fk; mt;tf;fhyr; rKjhar; R{HYf;F Vw;gg; ghLbghUs; mikfpd;wJ. kug[ ,yf;fzj;ij cilj;Jf; bfhz;Lk; ftpijfSf;fhd ahg;g[ tpLjiyia czh;j;jpf; bfhz;Lk; gpwe;jnj g[Jf;ftpij ,yf;fpakhFk;. r';ffhyf; ftpijfs; fhjiya[k; tPuj;ija[k; jk; ,U fz;fbsdg; nghw;wpg; ghod. mLj;jf;fl;lkhd r';fk; kUtpa fhyf; ftpijfs; mwj;ijg; gw;wpf; TWtjhf mike;jd. r';f fhyk;/ epiyngW bfhz;l xGf;fj;ijg; gw;wp typa[Wj;jpaJ. gf;jp ,yf;fpaf; fhyj;jpy; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa';fs; flt[isg; gw;wpg; ghLtjhf mike;jd. jw;nghija g[Jf;ftpijfs; "g[jpa khDlk;;" gilg;gij nehf;fkhff; bfhz;Ls;sd vdyhk;.

"g[Jf;ftpijapd; ghLbghUs;fshf thH;f;if/ rht[/ epuhirfs;/ tWik/ Jauk;/ bjhHpy; nghd;wd ,lk;bgWfpd;wd."³

nkYk; jdpkdpj tpLjiy/ r\fk;/ bghUshjhuk;/ murpay;/ gz;ghL nghd;wita[k; mike;J fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; ftpijapd; ghLbghUs; khwpf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

2.1.2 jkpHpy; g[Jf;ftpij - njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpa[k;

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;il ciueilapd; bghw;fhyk; vdyhk;. gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L tiuapy; jkpH; ,yf;fpa totk; vd;gJ bra;a[s; totkhfnt ,Ue;jJ. mr;Rg;bghwp mwpag;glhj fhyj;jpy; VLk; vGj;jhzpa[k; bfhz;L tpiutpy; vGjp Kof;ft[k;/ vGjpatw;iw vspjpy; epidtpy; epWj;jt[k;/ mLj;j jiyKiwapdh;f;F mtw;iwr; brtp tHpahff; bfhz;Lbry;yt[k; bra;a[spd; Xira[k; ahg;g[ Kiwa[k; cWJiz g[hpe;jd.

,d;iwa epiy ntW. ehk; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gf; fhyj;jpy; thH;e;J bfhz;oUf;fpnwhk;. jl;lr;Rg; bghwp/ mr;Rg;bghwp ,it vGJtjw;Fj; Jizahf mike;jd. ,e;jr; R{H;epiyapy; bra;a[s; totk; bry;thf;F ,He;J ciueil totk; cah;e;njh';fp tpl;lJ.

nky;ehl;lth; tUiff;Fg; gpwF ciueil ,yf;fpa';-fshd g[jpdk;/ rpWfij ,it njhd;wp tsh;e;J epiyj;J tpl;ld. ,ijg; nghy ftpija[k; Vd; ciueilapy; ,a';ff; TlhJ vd;w tpdh vGk;gpaJ. me;j tpdhtpd; vjpbuhypna g[Jf;ftpijapd; njhw;wk; vdyhk;.

g[Jf;ftpij Kjd; Kjypy; nkiyehLfspy;jhd; njhd;wpaJ. 1855-y; mbkhpf;ff; ftp"h; thy;l;tpl;kd; (1819 - 1892) jd; gd;dpuz;L ftpijfis "g[y;ypd; ,jH;fs;" vd;w bjhFg;ghf btspapl;lhh;. ,g;g[jpa Kaw;rp jkpHpYk; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ghujpahh; jkJ ftpijfisg; g[Jf;ftpij vd;w epiyapnyna Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

"Rit g[jpJ/ bghUs; g[jpJ/ tsk; g[jpJ

brhw; g[jpJ/ nrhjpkpf;f

et ftpij"⁴vd;W ghujpahh; jd; ftpijfisg; gw;wpg; bgUiknahL ngRfpwhh;.

ghujp njhw;Wtpj;j 'trd ftpij' kPz;Lk; 1930-y; jhd; Jsph;tplj; bjhl';fpaJ. ghujpf;Fg; gpwF g[Jf;ftpij Kaw;rpapy; Mh;tj;Jld; Kjd; Kjyhf <Lgl;lth; e. gpr;r\h;j;jp jhd;. mnj fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; F.g. uh$nfhghyDk; ftpij Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhh;. mjd; gpd;dh; gyUk; ,k;Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;.

g[Jf;ftpij g[jpa kWkyh;r;rp bgWtjw;F "vGj;J" ,jH; cWJiz g[hpe;jJ. rpy fhy';fspy; njLthuw;W kiwe;Jk; nghdJ ,t;tpjH;. g[Jf;ftpij/ 'kzpf;bfho'/ 'thdk;gho' Mfpa ,af;f';fspd; ngUjtpahy; ,yf;fpa thdpy; rpwfoj;Jg; gwf;f Muk;gpj;jJ. ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; mwpKfkhdth;fspy; kPuh/ e. fhkuhrd;/ rpw;gp/ nkj;jh/ mf;dpg[j;jpud;/ jkpH;ehld;/ jkpHd;gd; Mfpnahh; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j ftp"h;fshth;.

2.1.3 g[Jf;ftpij - ,yf;fzk;

ahg;g[ vd;w mizia cilj;Jf; bfhz;L tUk; czh;r;rp bts;snk jw;fhyf; ftpij MFk;. "ahg;gpd; rpuk';fisj; jtph;g;gjw;fy;y g[Jf;ftpij. kug[f;ftpij bjhlhj cau';fisg; g[Jf;ftpij bjhl ntz;Lk;. giHa tot';fs; juhj trjpfis mJ ju ntz;Lk;"⁵vd;fpwhh; mg;Jy; uFkhd;.

"ahg;gpy; mila Koahj vy;iyfis miltjw;F ehk; ngrpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; tpj;jpahrkhd bkhHpjhd; g[Jf;ftpij."⁶

"ahg;g[ilj;j ftpij

miza[ilj;j fhnthp

KfpYilj;j khkiH

Kul;Lj; njhYhpj;j

gyhr; Ris"⁷vd;W ahg;igj; jtph;f;Fk; nghJjhd; midj;Jr; rf;jpfnshLk; ftpij g[wg;gLtjhf xU g[Jf;ftp"h; etpy;fpd;whh;.

g[Jf;ftpij ,d;dbjd;gij xU g[Jf;ftpijna tpsf;FfpwJ.

",yf;fzr; br';nfhy;

ahg;g[ rpk;khrdk;

vJifg; gy;yhf;F

nkhidj; njh;fs;

gz;oj gtdp

jdp bkhHpr; nrid

,it vJt[k; ,y;yhj

fUj;Jf;fs; jk;ikj; jhnk

Msf; fw;Wf; bfhz;l

g[jpa kf;fshl;rp Kiwna

g[Jf;ftpij"⁸vd;W g[Jf;ftpijf;F K. nkj;jh ,yf;fzk; tFf;fpwhh;. ftp"Uf;F ftp"h; fUj;J khWgLk;. mHFk; bjhdpa[k; ntWgLfpd;wd. vdntjhd; g[Jf;ftpijia 'g[jpa kf;fshl;rp Kiw' vd;W K. nkj;jh tUzpf;fpwhh;.

2.1.4 g[Jf;ftpij - cs;slf;fk;

g[Jf;ftpij vd;whny r\fj;jpd; cz;ikepiyiag; gpujpgypg;gJ vd;gjhFk;. Mdhy; g[Jf;ftpij vd;fpw nghh;itapy; njitaw;w fUj;Jf;fis ,jDs; mlf;fp Vnjnjh gilf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it fhy Xl;lj;jpdhy; ,Ug;gplk; bjhpahkYk; jlk; bjhpahkYk; ngha; tpLfpd;wd. g[Jf;ftpijfspy; ,Utpjg; ghh;itfisf; fhzyhk;.

1. jdpkdpjg; ghh;it

2. rKjhag; ghh;it

,t;tpUtpjkhd ghh;itfSk;jhk; bgUk;ghYk; g[Jf; ftpijapd; ghLbghUshf mikfpd;wd.

g[Jf;ftpijfis ehk; Muha[kplj;Jg; bgUk;ghyhd ftpijfspy; tp";rp epw;gJ rKjha czh;nt MFk;. "g[Jf;ftpijfs;

btWk; kspiff;filg; bghl;ly';fshf ,Uf;fhky; kfue;jk; Ve;jpa rpwFfshf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;."⁹ ftpijr; rpe;jid vd;gJ czh;t[fs; bjhlh;g[ilajhf mikfpwJ.

g[Jf;ftpijf;F mog;gilahf mike;jpUg;gJ thH;f;if jUk; mDgt';fs;/ czh;r;rpfs;/ cz;ikfs; MFk;. "xt;bthU ftp"Dk; xU Fuiy Kd;dpWj;Jfpwhd;. ftp"dpd; Fuy; khdplf; Fuyhf kdpj thH;f;ifia czh;fpw Fuyhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;"¹⁰vd;gh;.

2.1.5 Kw;nghf;Fk; gpw;nghf;Fk;

ftpijapd; cs;sPilf; bfhz;L ftp"h;fis Kw;nghf;fhsd;/ gpw;nghf;fhsd; vd ,Utifg;gLj;jyhk;.

Mjpf;f cyif cilj;bjwpe;J rkj;Jt rKjha Rje;jpu cyifg; gilf;f cWjp bfhz;L Kd;ndWfpw rf;jpfisf; fhzhky; jdpkdpjf; fdt[fspYk; cl;fhh;e;J bfhz;L r\fr; rpe;jidapd;wp ,yl;rpakw;w ghijapny ,yf;fpd;wpg; gilf;Fk; gilg;ghsp gpw;nghf;fhsdhff; fUjg;gLfpwhd;. thH;f;ifapd; rhuj;ij czuhky; jd; FWfpa kdj;jpy; g[Fe;J bfhz;L kdpj rKj;jpuj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J tpyfpj; jd;id xU Jizahf;fpf; bfhz;L twz;L nghfpwtd; gpw;nghf;fhsd;.

g[w cyfj;jpd; jw;fhy epiyia mwpe;J mjndhL ,ize;J Kd;ndWgtDk;/ Kd;ndwhjth;fis Kd;ndwj; J}z;LgtDk; Kw;nghf;fhsdhff; fUjg;gLfpwhd;.

Kw;nghf;F vGj;jhsh;fSs; jkpH;ehld;/ ,d;Fyhg;/ fe;jh;td;/ fky. bry;tuh$; Mfpnahh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; Mth;.

"cyf Kjyhspj;Jt mikg;ig \H;fof;ff; fpsk;gpa khbgUk; bjhHpyhsh; ,af;fKk;/ fk;a{dp!:L ,af;fKk; cyfpy; rpwe;j mwptpayhhpilnaa[k;/ ftp"h;fspilnaa[k; jdJ jj;Jtg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jp mth;fsJ gilg;g[f;fisj; jkjhf;fpf; bfhz;Ls;sd"¹¹ vd bghJt[ilik thjpfis tpkh;rpg;gJKz;L.

2.1.6 g[Jf;ftpij - xU g[Jg;ghh;it

jkpH;f;ftpij/ ,d;W g[Jf;ftpijahfj; jd; milahs';-fSs; xd;iw tphpf;fpw nghJk; khDl neakhfpa ,e;jf; fdy;jhd; cs;ns xsph;e;J bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. ,e;j caph;g;gpHk;gpd; tpaf;fj;jf;f xspr;nrh;f;ifapd; tz;z tz;zf; nfhy bespt[fisg; g[Jf; ftpijfs; ntW ntW bjhdpfspy; cjph;j;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. ftpij vd;gJ czh;t[fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhf cs;sJ. ,d;W gilf;fg;gLk; ftpijfs; "ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk;", "tujl;rizf; bfhLik", ",He;j fhjy;", "bgz;zpak;" vd;W gy jiyg;g[f;fspy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. g[Jf;ftpijf;F mog;gilahfj; jpfH;tJ thH;f;if jUk; mDgt';fs;/ czh;r;rpfs;/ cz;ikfs;/ mf;fhyr; rpf;fy;fs; MFk;. fhyj;jpd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g me;je;jf; fhy ftpija[k; g[Jg;g[Jg; ghh;it bgw;Wj; jpfGk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

",d;iwa thH;f;ifr; rpf;fy;fisg; glk;gpof;Fk; ftp"Df;F xU trjp ,Uf;fpwJ. mJ vspjpy; thrfdplk; ngha;r;

nrh;e;J tpLfpwJ. Vbddpy; thrfd; ftp"d; ,UtUf;Fk; rk mDgt';fs; fpilf;f ,';F mjpf tha;g;g[s;sJ. ,Jnt rKjhag; ghh;it cs;s ftpijfSf;F vspjpy; m';fPfhuk; tH';fp tUfpwJ."¹²

,f;;fhyg; g[Jf;ftpijfs; jw;fhyr; rpf;fy;fisg; ghLtjhf mikfpwJ. vdpDk; ,f;ftpijfs; vd;Wk; epue;juj; jd;ika[ld; tps';Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

2.1.7 g[Jf;ftpijapd; ,d;iwa epiy

g[Jf;ftpij cz;ikahd tsh;r;rpg; ghijapy; bry;fpd;wjh/ g[Jf;ftp"h;fspd; jw;fhypfg; nghf;F vg;go ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W rpe;jpf;f ntz;oa xU fl;lj;ij mile;jpUf;fpnwhk;.

g[Jf;ftp"h;fspd; ,d;iwag; nghf;Fk;/ g[Jf;ftpijfs; vd;W vGjg;gLfpd;wdt[k; ,yf;fpaj;Jf;F tsk; nrh;g;gjhft[kpy;iy/ ,yf;fpa ,urpfh;fSf;F cw;rhfk; jUtdthft[k; ,y;iy vd;gijf; Fwpg;gplj;jhd; ntz;Lk;.

g[Jf;ftpijapd; bjhlf;fepiyg; ghLbghUSf;Fk;/ jw;fhyr; R{HYf;Fk; tpj;jpahr';fs; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. g[Jf;ftpijapd; bjhlf;fepiyg; ghLbghUshfj; jdpkdpj kdr; rpijt[ mike;jJ. 'vGj;J' ,jHpd; fhyj;jpy;/ nkdhl;Lg; ghLbghUs; fUj;Jg; gphpt[fis mg;gona jGtpf; bfhs;SjYk;/ jg;gpj;jy; nghf;Fk; kpFe;jpUe;jd. gpd; r\f epfH;t[fs; kPjhd kiwKfkhd tpkh;rdg; ghh;it bkJthfj; njhd;wp/ r\fr; rpf;fy;fs; bgUk; Mw;wnyhL btspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w nghf;F Vw;gl;lJ.

'jPgk;'/ 'fizahHp' ,jH;fspy; g[Jf;ftpij Kd;g[ nghy; mjpfk; ,lk;bgwtpy;iy. 'frljgw' vDk; ,jH; kPz;Lk; btspte;J epd;W ngha;tpl;lJ. 'brk;kyh;'/ 'jPf;fjph;'/ 'jhkiu' nghd;w bghJt[ilikahsh;fspd; ,jH;fspy; g[Jf;ftpijfs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sd. jw;bghGJ fhyr;RtL/ caph;ik/ g[jpa fhw;W nghd;w ,jH;fspy; g[Jf;ftpijfs; bjhlh;r;rpahf ,lk;bgw;W tUfpd;wd.

,d;W ftpij vGjf; fpsk;gpath;fs; bgUk;ghyUf;Fk; fUj;Jg; gw;Wk;/ fw;gid twl;rpa[k; kpFjpahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. vdpDk; rpy ftp"h;fs; jukhd ftpijfisg; gilf;fpd;wdh; vd;gJk; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sj;jf;f cz;ikjhd;.

"g[Jf;ftpijapd; vjph;fhynk gH';ftpijapd; ,ay;g[k;/ rpwg;g[k; mwpe;J kuig kPwp kug[ mikf;Fk; tHpahf ftpij cs;sk; gilj;jth;fs; ifahSk; tHptiffisg; bghWj;J ,Uf;fpwJ"¹³ vd;gh;.

2.2 bjhFg;g[iu

1. ftpijj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpna g[Jf;ftpijapd; njhw;wkhFk;.

2. g[Jf;ftpij jkpHpy; ghujpapd; fhyj;jpypUe;J njhd;wpaJ.

3. rKjhar; R{HYf;F Vw;g ftpijapd; ghLbghUs; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khw;wk; bgWfpwJ. jw;nghija rKjhaj;ijg; gw;wpa ftp"dpd; Funy g[Jf;ftpij.

4. kzpf;bfho/ thdk;gho/ vGj;J nghd;w ,jH;tHp ,af;f';fspd; cjtpahy; g[Jf;ftpij ,yf;fpa thdpy; rpwfoj;Jg; gwf;f Muk;gpj;jJ.

5. ahg;g[ vd;w mizia cilj;Jf; bfhz;L tUk; czh;r;rp bts;snk jw;fhy ftpijahFk;.

6. jdp kdpjd;/ rKjhak; ,t;tpuz;Lk; g[Jf;ftpijapd; cs;slf;fk; MFk;.

7. g[Jf;ftpijf;F mog;gilahf mike;jpUg;git thH;f;if jUk; mDgt';fs;/ czh;r;rpfs;/ cz;ikfs;/ jw;fhyr; rpf;fy;fs; vdg; gy epiyfshFk;.

8. ftp"h;fis Kw;nghf;fhsh;/ gpw;nghf;fhsh; vd ,U tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

9. ,d;iwa g[Jf;ftpijfs; ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk;/ tujl;rizf; bfhLik/ ,He;j fhjy;/ bgz;zpak;/ jypj;jpak; vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

mof;Fwpg;g[f;fs;

1. ghyh/ g[Jf;ftpij - xU g[Jg;ghh;it/ g. 11.

2. jkpHtd;/ ,Ugjpy; ftpij/ g. 4.

3. rp. ghyRg;gpukzpak;/ jkpH; ,yf;fpa tuyhW/ g. 311.

4. rp. Rg;gpukzpa ghujp/ ghujpahh; ftpijfs;/ g. 208.

5. ghyh/ g[Jf;ftpij - xU g[Jg;ghh;it/ g. 33.

6. ghyh/ K.E}./ g. 28.

7. ghyh/ K.E}./ g. 42.

8. K. nkj;jh/ fUj;njhl;lk;/ g. 20.

9. mg;Jy; uFkhd;/ tpy';Ffs; ,y;yhj ftpij/ g. 19.

10. ghyh/ g[Jf;ftpij - xU g[Jg;ghh;it/ g. 93.

11. eh. thdkhkiy/ g[Jf;ftpij Kw;nghf;Fk; gpw;nghf;Fk;/ g. 76.

12. ghyh/ g[Jf;ftpij - xU g[Jg;ghh;it/ g. 106.

13. rp.R. bry;yg;gh/ jkpHpy; ,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;/ g. 174.

,ay; - \d;W

,yf;fpa';fspy; rKjhag; ghh;it

3.0 Kd;Diu

3.1 ,yf;fpaf; fiy

3.2 rKjhag; ghh;it - xU tpsf;fk;

3.2.1 ,yf;fpaKk; rKjhaKk;

3.2.2 rKjhaf; TWghLfs;

3.2.3 fiy"Dk; rKjhaKk;

3.3 bjhFg;g[iu

mof;Fwpg;g[f;fs;

3.0 Kd;Diu

fiyfs; aht[k; kdpjh;fspd; thH;f;ifiar; rpj;jphpf;Fk; fhyf;fz;zhoahf tps';FfpwJ vdyhk;. kf;fspd; md;whl thH;f;ifapypUe;J fiyfs; aht[k; njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,t;thwpy;yhj ,yf;fpa';fs; g[w;wPry; nghyj; njhd;wp mHpe;J tpLfpd;wd. vdnt jhd; fiy thH;tjw;fhfnt vd;Dk; Fuy; vy;nyhuhYk; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sf; Toajhf cs;sJ. ,yf;fpak; kdpj thH;f;ifapypUe;J bjhl';FfpwJ. mnj ntisapy; ,yf;fpak; kdpjthH;itr; brk;ikg;gLj;JfpwJ.

3.1 ,yf;fpaf; fiy

xU ehl;od; ehfhpfk;/ gz;ghL/ tuyhW Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J bfhs;s ,yf;fpak; gad;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpyf;fpak; cahpa nehf;fKilajhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd; thH;f;ifia/ thH;f;if cz;ikfis ek; fz;bzjpnu bfhz;L epWj;Jk; gz;g[ ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F cz;L. gpw fiyfis tpl czh;r;rpg;g{h;tkhf ek;ikr; rpe;jpf;f itf;Fk; Mw;wy; cilaJ ,yf;fpaf; fiyna MFk;. "rKjhaj;jpd; czh;t[fnshLk;/ cz;ikfnshLk; jhk; ,yf;fpaf; fiy gpwf;fpd;wJ. mt;thW mtw;why;/ mtw;nwhL/ mtw;Wf;fpilna njhd;whj ,yf;fpa';fs; fhyj;ij btw;wp bfhz;L ePL thH;jy; mhpJ"¹ vdyhk;.

,yf;fpaf; fiy rKjha czh;tpd; btspg;ghnl MFk;. ,yf;fpakhdJ kf;fsplj;jpy; kfpH;r;rpkpf;f my;yJ ftiy njha;e;j my;yJ vGr;rpkpf;f czh;t[fisj; njhw;Wtpj;J mtdJ rpe;jidiaf; fpsw ntz;Lk;. kdpjid/ kdpj Mw;wiy/ kdpj Kd;ndw;wj;ijg;

gpzpj;Js;s tpy';Ffs; vitahapDk; mtw;iw cilj;J behWf;fpj; jfh;f;Fk; tpjkhf ,yf;fpa';fs; mika ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ rKjhaj;ijg;; gw;wpa fiy"dpd; tpkh;rdkhf khWfpwJ.

3.2 rKjhag; ghh;it - xU tpsf;fk;

kdpjd; jdpj;J thH;gtdy;yd;. FLk;gkhf/ Tl;lkhf thGk; jd;ika[ilatd;. jdpj;jdpahf khe;jh; gyh; To thGk; mikg;g[ rKjhak; Mfpd;;wJ. "kdpjid rKjhaj;jpdpd;W gphpf;f KoahJ. mtd; rKjhaj;ija[k; rKjhak; mtida[k; cUthf;FfpwJ.

fhyj;jpw;nfw;g kdpjDk; kdpjh;fshfpa rKjhaKk; khwpf; bfhz;nl tUfpwJ"² vd;gh;.

rKjhag; ghh;it vd;gJ rKjhaj;ijg; gw;wpa rpe;jidahFk;. rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLk; tifapy; vGJk; ,yf;fpak; rj;jhd czitg; nghd;wJ. ,j;jifa r\f <LghL cila ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilg;nghUila gue;Jgl;l rpe;jidna rKjhag; ghh;it MFk;.

3.2.1 ,yf;fpaKk; rKjhaKk;

rpe;jidahsh; gyh; ,yf;fpa';fisg; gy;ntW mqF-Kiwfspy; Muha;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. mtw;Ws; r\ftpay; mqFKiwa[k; xd;whFk;. ",yf;fpaj;jpy; khDltpay; nehf;F kpf ,d;wpaikahjJ. jkpHpy; mjw;Fr; rpwe;j ,lKz;L."³

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhf vd;Dk; bfhs;ifia tpl ,yf;fpak; kf;fSf;fhf vd;Dk; bfhs;ifna typa[Wj;jg;gl ntz;Lk; vd;gnj cz;ik. ,j;jifa ,yf;fpa';fisg; gilf;Fk; fiy"d; rKjhaj;ij tpl;L xJ';fp thH KoahJ. r\f <Lghl;nlhL thGk; nghJ mtd; kdjpy; ,Ue;J tUk; xt;bthU ,yf;fpaKk; ep$';fisg; gpujpgypg;gjhft[k; czh;r;rpkpf;fjhft[k; mikfpd;wJ.

"thH;e;J fhl;Lk; thH;f;ifiar; brhw;fshy; TWtnj ,yf;fpak;"⁴ vd;gh;. ,yf;fpaKk; rKjhaKk; beU';fpa bjhlh;g[il-ait MFk;. ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilf;Fk; gilg;ghsp mr;rKjhaj;jpd; Xh; m';fj;jpduhf ,Ug;gjhy; rKjhaj;jpd; rhay; mog;gilapy; fhzg;gLtJ jtph;f;f ,ayhj xd;whFk;.

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ gaDs;s fUtp MFk;. vdnt ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilg;gtd; rKjha Kd;ndw;wj;ijf; fUj;jpy; bfhz;L jd; gzpiaj; bjhlu ntz;Lk;. gl;l kukhfpg; nghd ,r;rKjhak; tsk;bgWk; tifapy; ,yf;fpak; mika ntz;Lk;. nkd;ik kpf;f khDlj;ij ,d;Dk; nkd;ikkpf;fjhf cUthf;Ftjhf ,yf;fpa';fs; mika ntz;Lk;.

3.2.2 rKjhaf; TWghLfs;

murpay;/ bghUshjhuk;/ r\fk;/ fy;tp/ fiy/ fyhr;rhuk;/ gz;ghL/ tujl;riz/ ntiytha;g;g[f;fs;/ bgz; chpik Kjypad xU rKjhaj;jpy; Kf;fpa ',lk; bgWtd' MFk;. vdnt ,yf;fpa';fs;

,tw;iwg; gw;wpg; ngr ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpak; thH;f;ifiag; glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhoahf tps';f ntz;Lk;. "rKjhaf; fz;nzhl;lj;Jld; jd; mDgt';fis btspapLfpwtnd ftp"d;."⁵ vdnt rpwe;j fiy"d; r\fj;jpd; epiyia vLj;Jf;fhl;o/ ey;ybjhU rpwe;j rKjhaj;ij cUthf;f cjt[k; tpjkhf ,yf;fpak; gilf;;f ntz;Lk;.

3.2.3 fiy"Dk; rKjhaKk;

mt;tf;fhy ,yf;fpa';fs; mt;tf;fhy rKjhaj;ijg; glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd vd;gh;. jkpH;ehl;Lf; ftp"h;fs; r';ffhyk; Kjny rKjhaj;ijg; ghh;j;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. r';ffhyj;J kf;fspd; thH;f;ifiag; gw;wp vl;Lj;bjhif/ gj;Jg;ghl;L vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa';fs; TWfpd;wd. "rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; jkpH;r; rKjha epiy"/ "Fws; TWk; rKjhak;" vd;gd nghd;w Ma;t[ E}y;fs; md;iwa rKjhaj;ijg; gw;wpf; TWfpd;wd. xU rKjhaj;jpd; njhw;wk;/ thH;t[/ rpwg;gpay;g[fs; gw;wp mwpa vj;jidnah tHpfs; cs;sd. fy;btl;L cz;ikfs;/ g[ijbghUl; rhd;Wfs;/ brtptHpr; bra;jpfs; vdg; gyt[k; Jizahf ,Ug;gijg; nghynt ,yf;fpa';fSk; bgUe;Jizaha; ,Uf;fpd;wd"⁶ vd;Dk; Tw;W ehk; xg;g[f; bfhs;sf; ToaJ.

,yf;fpathjpfs; jhd; fhqfpd;w rKjhaj;ija[k;/ fhz tpiHfpd;w khw;Wr; rKjhaj;ija[k; j';fs; ,yf;fpa';fspy; gilf;fpd;wdh;. ",d;iwa r\f thH;tpypUe;Jk;/ nghuhl;l';fspypUe;Jk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsd; xJ';fptpl Koa[kh? mt;thW xJ';fpdhy;

mtdhy; ,yf;fpak; vd;w xd;iwg; gilf;f KoahJ."⁷ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ghujp/ "gh";rhyp rgjk;" vDk; E}ypYk; kw;Wk; gy ghly;fspd; thapyhft[k; me;epa Ml;rpapy; ek; ehl;od; ,Hpthd epiyiaf; Twp/ tpLjiya[zh;it kf;fs; kdj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jp Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;lijf; Twyhk;. ,tw;wpypUe;J ftp"h; jk; ,yf;fpa';fspd; ghLbghUs; rKjhank vd;gJ g[yg;gLk;. mt;tpyf;fpa';fspy; fiy"hpd; kdpjhgpkhd czh;t[ g[yg;gLk;. ,d;iwa rKjhaj;ijg; bghWj;jtiu ciHg;ghsp/ cz;ika[s;sth;fs; ,th;fspd; thH;f;iff;F cj;juthjk; mspf;Fk; xU ey;y r\f mikg;g[ cUthf ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpd mog;gilapy; ftp"h;fs; ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilf;fpd;whh;fs;. ,d;iwa rKjhag; gpur;ridfis xt;bthU ftp"Uk; xt;bthU nfhzj;jpy; ghh;f;fpd;wdh;. xU gpur;ridia xUth; ghh;;f;Fk; ghh;itiaf; bfhz;L mtuJ rKjhag; ghh;itia ehk; mwpe;J bfhs;syhk;.

3.3 bjhFg;g[iu

1. ,yf;fpa';fs; r\fj;jpd; epiw/ Fiwfs;/ cz;ikfs; ,tw;iwf; TWtjhf mika ntz;Lk;.

2. ,yf;fpa';fs; mt;tf;fhy rKjhaj;ijg; glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Ltjhf mika ntz;Lk;.

3. ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilg;gtd; r\fg; ghh;ita[ilatdhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.

4. ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk;/ r\fj;jpw;Fk; beU';fpa bjhlh;g[ cz;L.

5. r\fj;ijg; gw;wpg; ngRk; ,yf;fpa';fns vy;nyhuhYk; nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

6. ,yl;rpa ,yf;fpa';fs; rKjhaf; FiwghLfisf; TWtnjhL rpwe;j rKjhak; cUthf tHptFf;fpd;wd.

mof;Fwpg;g[f;fs;

1. eh. b$ag;gpufhR/ rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; rKjha epiy/ g. 39.

2. jp. ghf;fpaKj;J/ ,d;iwa jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kdpjd;/ g. 102.

3. jkpHz;zy;/ xg;gpyf;fpa mwpKfk;/ g. 193.

4. m.r. "hdrk;ge;jd;/ ,yf;fpaf; fiy/ g. 12.

5. e. gpr;r\h;j;jp/ gpr;r\h;j;jp ftpijfs; xspapd; mikg;g[/ thp. 15-17.

6. eh. b$ag;gpufhR/ K.E}./ g. 38.

7. Kj;ijah/ ,yf;fpa';fs; TWk; th;f;f rKjhak;/ g. 90.

,ay; - ehd;F

fky. bry;tuh$; -

Xh; mwpKfk;

4.0 Kd;Diu

4.1 fhyj;jpd; Fuy;

4.2 fky. bry;tuh$Pd; gilg;g[f;fs;

4.3 fky. bry;tuhi$g; gw;wp

4.4 fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspy; rKjhak;

4.5 fky. bry;tuh$; ftpijfs;

4.6 ftp"hpd; ek;gpf;iff; Fuy;

4.7 ftpijfspd; fhyg;gpd;dzp

4.8 rKjha khw;wk;

4.9 bjhFg;g[iu

mof;Fwpg;g[f;fs;

4.0 Kd;Diu

r';ffhyk; bjhl;nl g[yth;fs; gyh; njhd;wp ,dpikahd ftpijfs; ,aw;wpa[s;sdh;. gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L tiuapy; jkpH; ,yf;fpa totk; vd;gJ bra;a[s; totkhfnt ,Ue;jJ. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;oy; ciueilapy; ,yf;fpa';fs; gy njhd;wpd. ,yf;fpa';fs; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; <LbfhLf;Fk; tifapy; ftpijfs; mike;Js;sd. ,d;Wtiu ,f;ftpijfs; brhw;brwpt[fSld; mHfpa fUj;Jf;fSld;/ g[jpa cj;jpfSld; rpwg;g[g; bgw;W tps';Ffpd;wd. ftpijfs; ehs;njhWk; g[jpJ/ g[jpjha;g; g{f;fpd;wd. ,J ,aw;ifaha; kz;of; fplf;Fk; fhl;Lr; brofspy;/ g{e;njhl;lj;Jr; brofspy;/ bjhl;ofspy;/ gjpad;fspy; tz;z tz;zkha;f; fz;fisf; ftUtijg; nghy; ftpijfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$: ftpijfs; brhw;brwpt[lDk;/ mHfpa fUj;Jf;-fSlDk;/ g[Jg;g[J rpe;jidfisg; g[jpa cj;jpfSld; gog;nghUf;F tpUe;jha;j; jUfpd;wd. ftp"h; g[Jf;ftpij cyfpy; ghujp gpoj;j njh;tlj;ij ,Gg;gth;fspy; jhDk; xUth; vd;gij ep+gpj;Js;shh;.

4.1 fhyj;jpd; Fuy;

,yf;fpa';fs; fhyj;jpd; Fuiy vjpbuhypg;gd. r\fj;jpd; kdf;Fuiyg; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd. r\fj;jpd; mty';fis/ cz;ikfis btspf;bfhzh;td. fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; ,jw;F tpjptpyf;fy;y vdyhk;. mtuJ ftpijfs; midj;jpYk; r\ff; bfhLikfs;/ mty';fs;/ gpur;ridfs;/ tWik/ fhjy;/ vjph;fhyk;/ kJ xHpg;g[ Mfpatw;iwf; fhzyhk;.

"ftp"dpd; Fuy; khdplf; Fuyhf kdpj thH;f;ifia czh;fpw Fuyhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;"¹ vd;gh;. ftp"h;fspd; gilg;g[f;fs; rKjhaj;jpd; gpujpgypg;ghfnt ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mog;gilapy; ghh;f;Fk; nghJ fky. bry;tuh$; ftpijfs; g{kpg;ge;ijg; g[ul;o vLf;Fk; bek;g[nfhy; ftpijfs; vd;gjpy; ve;jtpj Iag;ghLk; ,y;iy.

4.2 fky. bry;tuh$Pd; gilg;g[f;fs;

ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$; czh;r;rp bgh';Fk; ftpijfis vGJtjpy; ty;yth;. ftpijfs; kl;Lky;yhJ rpWfij/ fl;Liu vGJtjpYk; ty;yth;. thukyh;/ rpWth;kyh;/ fy;Y}hp Mz;LtpHh kyh;fs; nghd;wtw;wpy; mtuJ gilg;g[f;fs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sd. mit midj;ija[k; bjhFj;J "Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko" vd;w E}yhfj; bjhFj;Js;shh;.

4.3 fky. bry;tuhi$g; gw;wp

ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$; fkyd; fkyk;kh jk;gjpaUf;Ff; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; mUkid vd;w Chpy; $^d; khjk; Ie;jhk; ehs; 1964-Mk; Mz;oy; gpwe;jhh;.

,th; jk;ik cyFf;F <e;jspj;j bgw;nwhh; kPJ kpFe;j md;g[ bfhz;lth;. jdJ ftpijj; bjhFg;ghd "Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko" vd;w ,f;ftpijj; bjhFg;gpidg; bgw;nwhUf;Fr; rkh;g;gzk; bra;fpwhh;.

ftp"h; vk;.V (jkpH;)/ vk;@gpy;/ vk;.vl;/ ,jHpay; (o.b$) Mfpa gl;l';fs; bgw;Ws;shh;. jk; khztg; gUtj;jpy; 'Fkhpf;fly;' (khj ,jH;) epUguhf gzpahw;wpdhh;. 1992-ypUe;J 'jpdkyh;' gj;jphpifapd; epUguhfg; gzpahw;wp tUfpwhh;. mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ kndhd;kzpak; Re;judhh; gy;fiyf;fHf';fspd; bjhiyJ}uf; fy;tpapd; tphpt[iuahsuhft[k; gzpg[hpe;J tUfpwhh;. ,th; thbdhyp/ bjhiyf;fhl;rpfspy; ftpij/ fl;Liu/ ngr;Rg; nghd;wtw;wpy; bjhlh;e;J g';bfLg;gJld; nkilg; ngr;rpYk; jkJ Kj;jpiuiag; gjpj;J tUfpwhh;.

jkpH;bkhHpg; gw;whsuhd ,th; thbdhyp/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp-fspy; goj;j/ gj;jphpif/ fy;Y}hp Mz;Lkyhpy; vGjpa jd;Dila ftpijfisj; bjhFj;J "Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko" vDk; bjhFg;ghf btspapl;L cs;shh;.

1994-Mk; Mz;L ,th; jpUtpjh';nfhL K!:yPk; fiyf; fy;Y}hpapy; tphpt[iuahsuhf gzpg[hpe;jnghJ "Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko" vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU ftpijia vGjp mf;fy;Y}hp Mz;Lkyhpy; btspapl;oUe;jhh;. 1996-Mk; Mz;oy; khh;j;jhz;lk; nerkzp epidt[f; fpwp!:jtf; fy;Y}hp Mz;Lkyhpy; ,f;ftpijia mf;fy;Y}hp khztd; xUtd; jdJ bgahpy; gpuRhpj;jpUe;jhd;. ,e;j ,yf;fpaj; jpUl;ilf; fz;of;ft[k;/ ,f;ftpijf; FHe;ijia <d;w jha; jhd;jhd; vd;gij epiyehl;lt[k; 1997-Mk; Mz;L fd;dpahFkhp Kjd;ik khtl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; xU tHf;fpidj; bjhLj;J 2001-Mk; Mz;L khtl;l

Kjd;ik ePjpgjp jpU. V.tp. ,utpghz;oad; ,f;ftpijf;Fr; brhe;jf;-fhuh; ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$; jhd; vdj; jPh;g;gpid tH';fpdhh;. mj;jPh;g;g[ md;iwa jkpH;/ kiyahs ehspjH;fspy; Kf;fpar; bra;jpahf btspaplg;gl;oUe;jJ.

ftp"h;/ rKjhak; khw;wk; bgw ntz;Lk;/ bgz;zoikj;-jdk; khw ntz;Lk;/ rhjp/ kjk; kiwa ntz;Lk;/ tujl;rizf; bfhLik kha;e;J nghf ntz;Lk; vd;W Vl;lstpy; kl;Lk; vGjhky;/ ngr;rstpy; kl;Lk; ngrhky; jkJ thH;thny thH;e;J fhl;of; bfhz;oUf;Fk; xU g[ul;rp kdpjh; vdyhk;. ,tuJ jpUkznk xU g[ul;rpahf ,Ue;jJ.

rhjp bjhpahJ/ ,dk; bjhpahJ/ Fyk; bjhpahJ/ FLk;gr; R{Hy; bjhpahJ vd thH;e;j kpdp vd;w k';ifia jpUtde;jg[uj;jpYs;s "_ rpj;jpuh nQhk;" vd;w mdhijapy;yj;jpy; brd;W md;iwa khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiytp jpUkjp. rhujh KusPjud; jiyikapy; nfushtpYs;s gy rl;lkd;w/ ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; fuk;gpoj;J kidawk; Vw;whh.;

4.4 fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspy; rKjhak;

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; rKjha tpHpg;g[zh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jf; Toait. mtuJ ftpijfspy; r\ff; bfhLikfs;/ mty';fs;/ murpay;/ tWik/ jPz;lhik/ bgz; chpik/ r\f Vw;wj;jhH;t[ Mfpatw;iwf; fhzyhk;. mtuJ ftpijfs; ViH vspa

,ja';fspy; vz;z';fisj; jh';fpf; bfhz;L xU nrhfr; Rikjh';fpaha; tyk; tUfpd;wd. ,tuJ ftpg;ghh;it r\fneakpf;f cah; ghh;it. ,tuJ ghh;it ehl;ilj; jhz;o cyfg; ghh;itahf cs;sJ.

,tuJ Mirfisa[k;/ nehf;f';fisa[k; gy;ntW tz;z';fspy; btspg;gLj;Jk; brhw;rpj;jpu';fs; gy cz;L. rhjp/ kj/ ,d/ bkhHp ngj';fisf; fle;J kdpjFyk; kfpH;r;rpaila ntz;Lk; vd;w Miria ,tuJ gy ftpijfs; cs;th';fpf; bfhz;Ls;sd. bkhj;jj;jpy; ,tuJ ftpg;ghh;it cz;ikahd md;g[s;sk; bfhz;l r\fg; ghh;it vd;gJ cz;ik.

4.5 fky. bry;tuh$; ftpijfs;

fky. bry;tuh$; ftpijfspy; r\ff; bfhLikfis m';Fyk; m';Fykhf myrp mf;bfhLikfisf; fz;L bfhjpj;bjGk; czh;r;rpiaf; fhzyhk;. thog;nghd ,r;rKjhak; tsk; bgw gilf;fg;gl;lnj mtuJ ftpijfs;. g[iunahog; nghd r\fk; kWkyh;r;rp bgw ntz;Lk; vd;w ,yl;rpa nehf;nfhL gilf;fg;gl;lnj ,e;j ftpijfs;. jpUtde;jg[uk; J}h;jh;#d;/ mfpy ,e;jpa thbdhypapd; ehfh;nfhtpy;/ jpUbey;ntyp epiya';fs;/ jpUtde;jg[uk; jkpH;r;r';fk; nghd;wtw;wpd; \yk; jd;id tsh;j;Jf; bfhz;lth; ek; ftp"h;. jkpH; kf;fspilna ed;kjpg;igg; bgw;W ,f;fhyr; R{Hypy; cs;s tWik/ bghUshjhu Vw;wj;jhH;t[/ fy;tp/ bgz; tpLjiy Mfpa fz;nzhl;lj;jpy; ,d;WtiuapYk; ftpijna jd; caph; \r;R

vd;W Twpg; gy;ntW gilg;g[f;fis gilj;J tUfpwhh;. gy;ntW Kw;nghf;F $dehaf ,af;f';fs; kj;jpapYk; ,tuJ ftpijfSf;Fr; bry;thf;Fz;L. "ciHg;ghYk;/ rpe;jidahYk; ,e;j cyif cah;j;Jfpwth;fs; ahnuh mth;fSila fhyofspy; ,e;jg; g{kp jd;idj; jhnd rkh;g;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ". ,tuJ ftpijfs; mj;jifa rpwg;g[ tha;e;jit.

4.6 ftp"hpd; ek;gpf;iff; Fuy;

ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$: jd; ftpijfisr; r\f mf;fiwnahL gilj;Js;shh;. ftpijfshy; ,r;rKjhaj;ijna khw;w Koa[k; vd;w ek;gpf;if ,thplk; cs;sJ. ,e;ek;gpf;if vy;yhf; ftp"h;fSf;Fk; cs;sJ.

"g{kp cUz;ilia

g[ul;o tplf; Toa

bek;g[ nfhy; ftpijia

c';fspy;

ahh; ghlg; nghfpwPh;fs;"²

vd;w nkj;jhtpd; Tw;W \yk; ths;Kidiaf; fhl;oYk; ngdh Kidna Th;ikkpf;fJ vd;gJ g[ydhFk;.

,th; bgz;zpar; rpf;fy;fisa[k;/ rKjhaj;jpd; xLf;F Kiwf;F MshFk; kf;fspd; Jau';fisa[k; ghLbghUshff; bfhz;nl mjpf ftpijfs; gilj;Js;shh;. r\fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf

bkd;ikahd mirt[fisa[k; jd; ftpijj; jpwj;jhy; mHFglg; gilj;Jr; r\f khw;wj;jpw;F tpj;jpLgth; ,th;. jdJ ftpijfs; ey;y tifapy; r\fj; jhf;fj;ij jUk; vd;gjpy; kpFe;j ek;gpf;ifa[ilath; ,f;ftp"h;.

4.7 ftpijfspd;; fhyg;gpd;dzp

ftpijfisf; bfhz;L me;jf; ftpijfs; vGe;j fhyr;R{Hiy mwpe;J bfhs;syhk;. gs;spg; gUtf; fhyk; Kjyhfnt jkJ Mrphpah;/ rf ez;gh;fs;/ r\fk; nghd;wtw;iw Kd;khjphpahf itj;Jf; ftpij g[ide;jth; fky. bry;tuh$;.

4.8 rKjha khw;wk;

fky. bry;tuh$; xspkakhd vjph;fhyk; ,e;ehl;ow;F tuntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;g[fpd;whh;. kf;fs; vy;nyhUk; ,d;gkhf thH ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,tuJ beLehisa tpUg;gk; MFk;. jd;Dila xt;bthU ftpija[k; ,r;r\fj;jpw;F vs;ssntDk; ed;ik gaf;Fk; vd;w cahpa ek;gpf;ifnahL ftpijfisg; gilj;Js;shh;. r\fj;jpy; mog;gil khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp ey;ybjhU g[jpa rKjhak; cUthf ntz;Lk; vd;gnj mtuJ Fwpf;nfhs; MFk;.

4.9 bjhFg;g[iu

1. ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$; ,d;iwa g[Jf;ftp"h;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;.

2. ,tuJ ftpijfs; rKjhaj;ij ikakhff; bfhz;L gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

3. fky. bry;tuh$; xU Kw;nghf;Fr; rpe;jidahsh;.

4. ek; ehl;oy; ey;;ybjhU vjph;fhyk; cUthFk; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;if bfhz;lth;.

5. r\fk; gz;gl ntz;Lk; vd;w gue;j nehf;Filath;.

mof;Fwpg;g[f;fs;

1. ghyh/ g[Jf;ftpij - xU g[Jg;ghh;it/ g. 93.

2. K. nkj;jh/ fz;zPh;g; g{f;fs;/ g. 17.

,ay; - Ie;J

rKjhar; rpf;fy;fSk;

jPh;t[fSk;

5.0 Kd;Diu

5.1 rpf;fy;fspd; tiffs;

5.2 fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspy; rKjhar; rpf;fy;fspd; cs;slf;fk;

5.2.1 r\f mtyk;

5.2.1.1 tWik

5.2.1.2 ehL eyk; bgw

5.2.1.3 ehL vd; ifapy; fpilj;jhy;

5.2.1.4 ntrk;

5.2.1.5 vd; njrk; tpHpj;bjHl;Lk;

5.2.2 rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fs;

5.2.2.1 kjpg;gPL

5.2.2.2 Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko

5.2.2.3 bts;is cs;sk;

5.2.2.4 ey;ynjhh; tPiz

5.2.2.5 bksdk;

5.2.3 kJ btwp

5.2.3.1 kJit xHpg;nghk;

5.2.3.2 ey;ynjhh; tPiz bra;nthk;

5.2.4 Kuz;ghL

5.2.4.1 fhyk;

5.2.4.2 fhjy;

5.2.4.3 Kuz;ghL

5.2.5 kdpjk;

5.2.5.1 jpUkzk;

5.2.5.2 fhjy;

5.2.5.3 tWikia xHpg;nghk;

5.2.5.4 mwpt[ bewpapy; thH;th';F thH;nthk;

5.2.6 Md;kPfk;

5.2.6.1 ehLk;/ ehKk;

5.2.6.2 vjph;fhyk;

5.2.6.3 ehL vd; ifapy; fpilj;jhy;

5.2.6.4 ey;ynjhh; tPiz

5.2.6.5 vd; njrk; tpHpj;bjHl;Lk;

5.2.7 ,is"d;

5.2.7.1 rpfuj;ij nehf;fp

5.2.7.2 fhyk;

5.2.7.3 epidf;fpnwd; ,dpf;fpwJ

5.3 bjhFg;g[iu

mof;Fwpg;g[f;fs;

5.0 Kd;Diu

rKjhar; rpf;fy;fs; vd;w ,t;tpay; ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$Pd; MHkhd rKjhag; ghh;itapidg; glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

"khjtpahapDk; khoapy;

thH;e;jhy;

fz;zfpg;gl;lk;

fz;zfpahapDk; Foirapy;

thH;e;jhy;

khjtpg; gl;lk;"¹vd;Dk; kjpg;gPl;nlhL rKjhaj;ij kjpg;gpLfpwhh;.

kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; ehfhpfk; njhd;wpa fhyj;jpypUe;nj rpf;fy;fSk; njhd;wpf; bfhz;nl tUfpd;wd. kdpj rKjhak; tsh;r;rpaile;J bfhz;L tUfpd;w xt;bthU fhyfl;l';fspYk; rpy rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jPh;t[ fhqk; mnj ntisapy; g[jpa rpf;fy;fSk; njhd;wpf; bfhz;nl tUfpd;wd. "rpy fhyj;jpy; rpf;fy;fisj; jPh;j;jplj; njhd;wpa rka';fnsh/ ,af;f';fnsh gpwpbjhU fhyj;jpy; jhnk rpf;fy;fshf khwp tpLfpd;wd."² xt;bthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; epytpa rKjhar; rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jPh;t[ fhz Kw;nghf;fhsh;fs; Kad;W cs;sdh;. mJnghynt ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;oYk; Kad;Ws;sdh;. mk;Kw;nghf;fhsh;fspy; jhDk; xUtuhf epd;W ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$; rpf;fy;fis mqfpj; jPh;t[ fhz Kad;Ws;shh;.

,J Kuz;gl;l njrk;/ tpHpg;g[ld; thH;nthk; vd;w rKjhaj;jpd; Kuz;ghl;il Kd;itf;fpwhh;. ehL eyk; bgw "gl;odpf; nfhy';fs; khw ntz;Lk;/ gRikg; g[ul;rpiaf; fhz ntz;Lk;"³ vd;w gRikahd fUj;njhtpaj;ijj; jUfpwhh;.

5.1 rpf;fy;fspd; tiffs;

rKjhar; rpf;fy; vd;gJ gy tiffisf; bfhz;lJ. kdpjdpd; thH;f;ifapy; epiwntwhj vz;z';fs;/ tpUg;g[ btWg;g[f;fs;/ njitfs;/ vjph;ghh;g;g[f;fs; vd ,it rpf;fy;fshf cUbtLf;fpd;wd.

murpay;/ r\f/ bghUshjhu/ rhjp Vw;wj;jhH;t[fis kdpjd; md;whlk; thH;tpy; re;jpf;f nehpLfpwJ. ViH/ gzf;fhud;/ bjhHpyhsp/ Kjyhsp/ cs;std;/ ,y;yhjtd;/ tWik/ cztpd;ik/ Milapd;ik/ tPod;ik/ ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk;/ bgz;zoikj;-jdk;/ jPz;lhik/ gy epiyg;gl;l \l ek;gpf;iffs;/ rhjp kj ,dbkhHp ntWghLfs; nghd;w gy;ntWgl;l rpf;fy;fspy; kdpjd; rpf;fp my;yw;gLfpd;whd;.

5.2 fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspy; rKjhar; rpf;fy;fspd; cs;slf;fk;

"jdpkdpj kd tpfhu';fisa[k;/ fdt[ epiy vz;z';fis-a[k; kl;Lnk ftpijahf vGJfpwth;fs; jd; r\ff; flikfisg; g[wf;fzpj;J tUfpwhh;fs;"⁴ vd;gh;. nkYk; "r\ff; fz;nzhl;lj;Jld;

jd; mDgt';fis btspapLfpd;wtnd ftp"d; vdg;gLfpwhd;"⁵ vd;gjw;nfw;g fky. bry;tuh$; vGj;J \ykhfj; jd; r\ff; flikia rpwg;ghf epiwntw;Wfpwhh;.

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; cs;~h;g; gpur;ridfs; Kjy; cyfg; gpur;ridfs; tiu czuf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. "kdpjhgpkhdj;jpd; mog;gilapy; Kjpuhj ve;jf; ftp"Dk; fhyj;ij btd;W thHkhl;lhd;"⁶vd;w jpwdha;t[ ,tUf;Fk; bghUe;Jk;.

ftp"d; jd; ftpijfspy; nts;tp bra;fpwhd;. ,e;j nts;tp ke;jpu';fs; Xj bea; brhhpe;J beUg;ig vGg;gp mkh;e;J tpLtjd;W. ,J ',uhr R{a nts;tp' - 'mRtnkj ahfk;'. mHFk; tPhpaKk; bfhz;l mRtnkjk; vd;Dk; Fjpiu/ cjank jiyahf/ RlUk; R{hpand fz;zhf/ fhw;nw \r;rhf epy';fspd; nfhLfisj; jhtp Xo tUfpwJ. mRtnkjkhfpa ftpijfis ek;khy; jLf;f KoahJ vd;ghh; jp.R. eluh$d;. ,thpd; Tw;Wf;nfw;g fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; fl;lw;wit. thH;f;ifapd; cz;ikfis mq mqtha; rpj;jphpg;git. jd; ftpijfs; \ykhf jd;Dila r\ff; flikiar; rpwg;ghf epiwntw;Wfpwhh;. ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspy; tl;lhug; gpur;ridfs; Kjy; cyfshtpa gpur;ridfs; tiu cUf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspy; r\fr; rpf;fy;fs; gpd;tUkhW cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. r\f mtyk;

2. rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fs;

3. kJ btwp

4. Kuz;ghL

5. kdpjk;

6. Md;kPfk;

7. ,is"d;

nkw;fz;l epiyapypUe;J ,r;r\fk; tpLgl;Lg; gz;gl ntz;Lk; vd;w cah;e;j ,yl;rpaj;njhL vGJfpwhh;.

5.2.1 r\f mtyk;

kdpjd; jdpj;J thH;gtdy;yd;. FLk;gkhff; Tl;lkhf thH;fpd;w r\fg; gpuhzp. kdpjh;fs; nrh;e;j Tl;likg;ng rKjhak;. mth;fs; gy gpur;ridfisf; bfhz;L thH;fpd;whh;fs;. bkhl;il kukhfpg; ngd rKjhaj;ijg; gl;ilj; jPl;oa itu thh;j;ijfshy; glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

1. tWik epue;ju tpUe;jhsp

2. ehL eyk; bgw

3. ehL vd; ifapy; fpilj;jhy;

4. ntrk;

5. vd; njrk; tpHpj;bjHl;Lk;

5.2.1.1 tWik

"tWik ,y;yhj cyF gilg;nghk;. tWikia xHpg;nghk;" vd;wth;fs; jhd; mHpe;J nghdhh;fs;. tWik mHpatpy;iy vd;gjid

tWikapd; giftuhk; ftp"h; rpwg;g[ld; TWk; nghJ/ tWik vd;gJ vJ vd;gjida[k; mJ ahhpd; tpUe;jhsp vd;gjida[k;

"tWik

Xiyf; Foirapd;

epue;ju tpUe;jhsp"⁷ vd;fpwhh;. tWikf;F vg;nghJ kuzk; vd;gij kpfj; bjspthf

",tid

'ngh' vd;whYk;

nghfkhl;lhd;

Vbdd;why;

,td;

Foiria tpl;L

khoapy; brd;why;

kuzk;

,tDf;F epr;rak;"⁸ vd;fpwhh;. vg;nghbjy;yhk; tWik ViHfspd; epue;jukhd tpUe;jhsp vd;gij

"eh';fs;

bfhs;is

mof;fhj tiuf;Fk;

y";rk;

th';fhj tiuf;Fk;

fyg;glf; fk;bgdp

jpwf;fhj tiuf;Fk;;

ciHf;Fk; th;f;fj;ijr;

Ruz;lhj tiuf;Fk;

tWik

v';fs;

Xiyf; Foirapd;

epue;ju tpUe;jhsp"⁹ vd;W tWikapd; bfhLikapid vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.

5.2.1.2 ehL eyk; bgw

rKjhaj;jpd; xU m';fk; jhd; ehL. ehL eyk; bgWk; vdpy; rKjhak; eyk; bgw;wJ vdyhk;. xU ehL kpft[k; brHpg;g[lDk;/ eyj;JlDk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W vy;nyhUk; rpwg;g[ld; Tw ntz;Lk; vd;why; kdpjd; grpapy;yhky; thH ntz;Lk; vd;gjid

"gl;odpf; nfhy';fs;

khw ntz;Lk;

gRikg; g[ul;rpiaf;

fhz ntz;Lk;"¹⁰vd;fpwhh;. nkYk; ViH gzf;fhuh; ,y;iybadpy; ehL eyk; bgWk; vd;gjid

"ghtk; gzf;fhud;

ghFghL ,d;nw

ghjhsj;jpy; jhH ntz;Lk;"¹¹ vd;fpwhh;. fy;tpa[k;/ fiyfSk; tsh;e;J y";rk;/ CHy; kha ntz;Lk; vd;gjid

"fy;tp ba';Fk;

gut ntz;Lk;

fiyfs; v';Fk;

tsu ntz;Lk;

y";rk;/ CHy;

xHpa ntz;Lk;

ciHg;g[ v';Fk;

cau ntz;Lk;"¹² vd;fpwhh;. ,d;iwa ehL rPuHpa Kjw;fhuzkhf mike;J ehl;oy; kype;J fplg;gJ bfhiya[k;/ bfhs;isa[k;jhk;. mit khwp bfhs;ifa[k; ePjpa[k; epiyf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjid/

"bfhiya[k; bfhs;isa[k;

eP';fpl ntz;Lk;

bfhs;ifa[k; ePjpa[k;

epiyj;jpl ntz;Lk;"¹³vd tpil jUfpwhh;.

5.2.1.3 ehL vd; ifapy; fpilj;jhy;

,d;iwa r\fj;jpy; mty';fisg; gpwh; Twpa[k;/ nehpYk; fz;l ftp"h; ehL vd;idg; nghd;w Kw;nghf;Ff; ftp"h;fspd; iffspy; fpilf;f ntz;Lk;. ehL vd; ifapy; fpilj;jhy; tPz; nrhk;ngwpfis khw;wp ciHg;ghspfs; epiwe;j/ mJt[k; jhkhf ciHg;ghiu cUthf;Fntd; vd;gjid/

"f";rpf;F tHpa[kpd;wp

fhy; tapw;Wf;Ff; TGkpd;wpf;

fjwpaGk; khDl be";r';fSf;F

ehd;

bfhLf;f khl;nld; rj;Jzt[

bjhl';fp itg;ngd;

ntiytha;g;g["¹⁴ vd;fpwhh;.

muR vd;gJ kf;fshy; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;L/ kf;fspd; ey;thH;tpw;fhf/ mikjpia epiyehl;Ltjw;F mikf;fg;gl;l xU Mw;wy; tha;e;j epWtdkhFk;. "gy r\f';fs; my;yJ th;f;f';fis cs;slf;fpa xU Fwpg;gpl;l epyg;gFjpahdJ ika mikg;g[ila murh';fj;jpd; \yk; thp tpjpj;jy;/ gilj;jpwd; bfhz;oUj;jy;/ rl;l';fis ,aw;wp mtw;wpd;go midtUk; elf;fr; bra;jy;/ Fw;wkpiHg;nghUf;F ePjpj;Jiw \yk; jz;lid tpjpj;jy; Kjyhd gzpfisf; bfhz;l xU Kw;Whpik (Monopoly) tha;e;j mikg;ng muR"¹⁵ vd;W murpaiy tiuaWj;Jf; TWth;. muR vd;gJ xU th;f;fk;/ kw;bwhU th;f;fj;jpd; kPJ jdJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiyepWj;jpf; bfhs;tjw;fhf cs;s xU td;Kiwf; fUtp¹⁶ vd;Dk; cUtk;. Mdhy; ehL vd; ifapy; fpilj;jhy;

"mehfhpf murpay; fhuh;fs;

mdhtrpa thh;j;ijfshy;

thf;Ffisg; bgw;Wr; brd;W

tHp khwpg; nghFk; nghJ

rl;iliag; gpoj;jpGj;J

rhl;ilao bfhLj;jpLntd;"¹⁷ vd;fpwhh;. ,d;W fhRgwpf;fr; rpwe;j xU ,lkhff; fy;tpr; rhiyfs; khwp tUtijf; fz;L ntjidnahL/

"vy;nyhUk;

fy;tp fw;f

fhR gwpf;Fk;

fy;Y}hpfspd;

fjt[fSf;Fr;

rPy; itg;ngd;"¹⁸ vd;fpwhh;. xU kdpjd; brk;ikahf thH/ gz;nghL thH tHpfhl;Ltnj fy;tp. mJ midtUf;Fk; fpilf;f

",isnahh; Kjy;

Kjpnahh; tiuf;Fk;

fy;tp fw;wplnt

Ch;fs; njhWk;

fy;tpr; rhiyfs;

bjhl';fp itg;ngd;"¹⁹ vdf; Twp ,itaidj;Jk; bra;a ehL vd; ifapy; fpilf;f ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;.

5.2.1.4 ntrk;

,e;ehl;oy; thH;nthhpy; ghjpg;ngh; ntrk; nghLtjpy; ty;yth;fs;. ,jdhYk; ek; r\fk; mtykhfpwJ vd;gjidj; bjspthf czh;e;j ftp"h; xUtd; fhjy; ntlk; jhpg;gjid/

",td;

jho tsh;g;ghd;

jiuapy; Fdpe;J elg;ghd;

Vdlh vd;why;

fhjy;

njhy;tp bad;ghd;

,td;

nt#k; fhl;o

tpLtpf;fg; ghh;f;fpwhd;

Vbdd;why;

,tDf;Fj;

jhypf; fapw;Wf;F

Mirapy;iy

j';ff; fapw;Wf;Fj;

jhfk; bfhs;fpwhd;

,tid thlh gjpt[ mYtyfk;

nghnthk; vd;why;

k";rs; fapWjhnd

fpilf;Fk; vd;fpwhd;"²⁰ vd;W g[s;sptpguj;Jld; ntlkhLfpwtd; epiyapidf; nfhol;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

5.2.1.5 vd; njrk; tpHpj;bjHl;Lk;

,d;iwa ehl;Lr; r\f mty';fs; khw ntz;Lk; vdpy; ehk; tpHpg;nghL ,Uf;f ntz;oaJ fhyj;jpd; fl;lhak; MFk;.

"ghhpdpy; ghujk;

ghHha;g; nghfhky;

gz;ila gHikfs;

gf;Ftg; gLj;jpg;

gFj;jwp btd;Dk; ghiya{l;og;

ghij fhl;Lnthk; nerh;fns

thH;e;J fhl;Lnthk; nrhjunu"²¹ vd ek;ik thH;e;J fhl;l miHf;fpwhh;.

,d;W r\fj;jpy; bfhilahspfshf ahiu Kj;jpiu Fj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;gjid/

"nfhlhd nfhof;Fk;

nfhapy;fs; fl;of;

nfhapy; gofspy;

Xl;lg;gh; epw;f

nfhapy; cz;oaypy;

nfhoaha;f; Ftpj;Jf;

nfhO!;tuh;fbsy;yhk;

bfhilahsp fshfpwhh;fs;"²² vd;fpwhh;.

,tuJ Vf;fkhf/

"f';if ,';nf tu ntz;Lk;

Fkhpf; fliyj; bjhl ntz;Lk;

nfh#j;ij vGg;gpath;fs;

nfhof;F moikg; gl;ljhy;

nfh#j;ij tpl;Ltpl;lhh;

Tl;lj;njhL Totpl;lhh;"²³ vd;fpwhh;.

ghuj njrj;jpd; xt;bthU FokfDk; tpHpj;J bfhs;sl;Lk; vd;fpwhh;.

"ek; njrj;jpy;

,dpbahU

cyfg; nghh; tuhJ

Vbdd;why;

cs;ehl;Lg; nghuhny

cile;J fplf;fpwJ

ek; njrk;"²⁴ vdf; Twp ek; ghujj; jha; ,tw;wpypUe;J tpHpj;bjH ntz;Lfpwhh;.

5.2.2 rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fs;

,d;iwa bgz;fs; moikfshft[k;/ rhh;bgGj;Jf;fshf-t[k;/ tpy';Ffs; g{l;oath;fshft[k; cs;sdh;. ,d;iwa bgz;fspd; epiy rpiwthrk; vd;gijf; ftp"h; ituKj;J/

"bgz;fs; ,Lk; nfhy';fspy;

g[s;spfs;

rpiwg;gl;oUg;gJ nghynt

me;jg; g[s;sp kapy;fSk;

rpiwg;gl;oUe;jd"²⁵ vd bjspt[gLj;Jthh;. mt;tifapny ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$%k; bgz;zpdk; gLk; mtyj;ij/

1. kjpg;gPL

2. Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko

3. bts;is cs;sk;

4. ey;ynjhh; tPiz

5. bksdk; vd vLj;Jf; TWfpwhh;.

5.2.2.1 kjpg;gPL

r\fj;jpy; bgz;fs; ,d;W nghfg; bghUshf/ tpsk;gug; bghUshff; fUjg;gLfpd;whh;. bgz;fspd; ,sikia Urpj;J kfpH;e;J tpl;L tpgr;rhhp vd;w gl;lj;ija[k; mth;fSf;Fr; R{l;Lfpd;wJ. gzf;fhuh;fshy;/ gjtpapy; cs;sth;fshy; bgz;fspd; fw;g[ gHpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;r\fk; Mz;fSf;F ,d;gj;ija[k; bgz;fSf;Fj; Jd;gj;ija[nk bfhLj;Js;sJ. ftp"h; ituKj;J/

"fhdfj;jpy;

md;W

rijf;fy;yha;f;

fple;j eP

r\fr; re;jpapy;

,d;W

rijf;fy;yha;f; fplf;fpwha;"²⁶ vd;W bgz;fspd; mty epiyiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. Mdhy; ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$;/ xUtd; xU kdpjid kjpg;gPL bra;tjpy; mtDf;F mtnd rhpepfh; vd;Dk; mog;gilapy; ViHg; bgz; vg;go thH;e;jhYk; mtSf;Fr; rKjhak; tH';Fk; gl;lj;ij/

"khjtpahapDk;

khoapy; thH;e;jhy;

fz;zfpg; gl;lk;

fz;zfpahapDk;

Foirapy; thH;e;jhy;

khjtpg; gl;lk;"²⁷ vDk; cz;ik epiyapid mg;gona glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

5.2.2.2 Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko

"k';ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;nf ey;y khjtk; bra;jpl ntz;Lk; mk;kh" vd;W ghodhh; ftpkzp. ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; k';ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;nf khghtk; bra;jpl ntz;Lk; mk;kh vd;W TWk; epiy cs;sJ. ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fs; vy;yhr; rhjpapYk; jhH;e;j rhjpahft[k;/ moikg;gl;Lk; tUfpd;wdh;. bgz; chpik vy;yhk; ngr;rstpy; jhd; cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; kidtp vd;gts; tPl;oy; ntiyfisr; bra;a[k; ntiyf;fhhpahft[k; FHe;ijfisg; bgw;bwLf;Fk; ,ae;jpukhft[k; fUjg;gLfpwhh;. mnj neuj;jpy; bgz;zpd; bgUikapid/

"bgz;nz

mfpy bky;yhk;

Ml;rp bra;a[k;

ty;yik cdf;Fz;L

Mya bky;yhk;

mgpn#fk; bra;a[k;

g[dpjKk; cdf;Fz;L"²⁸ vdg; bgz;zpd; bgUikapidg; giwrhw;Wfpwhh; ek; ftp"h;. Mdhy; ,d;iwa epiy mth;fSf;F vjphpilahf cs;sJ vd;gij/

"me;ju';fj;jpd;

miwf;Fs;ns

cidj; jhprpf;f

xU Tl;lk; nfhtyd;fs;

me;ju';fj;jpd;

btspna te;jhy;

,uhkh; fsha; mtjhpf;Fk;

re;jh;g;g thjpfs;"²⁹ vd bjspt[g;gLj;Jfpwhh;. rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fSf;F ,iHf;fg;gLk; jPikfs; fzf;fpyl';fhjitahFk;. bgz;fSf;Ff; bfhLf;fg;gLk; xt;bthU bgaUf;Fk; fhuzk; cz;L. bgz;fSf;F "MW" vd;w bgah; ve;j Jaiua[k; jh';fpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf bfhLf;fg;gl;lnj MFk;. "rf;jp" vd;w bgah; risf;fhky; ntiy bra;tjw;fhfr; R{l;lg;gl;lnj MFk; vd;w tifapny/

",';nf

tWikapd; epwk;

rptg;bgd;W

rpy ngh;fs; brhy;fpwhh;fs;

,y;iy ,y;iy

,y;ynt ,y;iy

me;jr;

rptg;gpd; fPH;jhd;

cd;

rp';fhu thH;f;ifna

nj';fpf; fplf;fpwJ"³⁰ vd;fpwhh;. ,tw;wpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L bgz;zpdk; vg;go thH ntz;Lk; vd;gjid/

"bgz;nz

eP khl khspifapy;

,uhtzndhL

thH;tijtpl

Xiyf; Foirapy;

,uhkndhL

thH;tnj nky;"³¹ vd;fpwhh;. bjhlf;ff; fhyk; Kjy; ,d;W tiu bgz;zpdk; moikg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,dkhfnt fhl;rp jUfpwJ.

"jtH;e;j nghJ

bgz;

jfg;gDf;foik

ifiag; gpoj;jJk;

fztDf;foik

fpHtpahdJk;

kfDf;foik"³² vd;W fe;jh;td; TWthh;. bgz; gpwe;j nghnj tpy';ifg; g{l;Lfpd;wdh; bgw;nwhh;fs;. jpUkzkhFk; bghGJ

bgz;nzhL tpy';ifa[k; nrh;j;J khg;gps;isaplk; bfhLg;gjhft[k; bgz;fs; fhyk; fhykhf rhh;e;nj thH;tij/

"eP

gps;isaha; ,Ue;jnghJ

je;ijf;F moikahk;

,y;ywk; g[Fe;jgpd;

jiytDf;F moikahk;

tnahjpfk; mile;j gpd;ndh

kfDf;F moikahk;"³³ vd;fpwhh;. bgz;fs; Mz;fspd; ghh;itapy; bfhj;joikfshfnt fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. clk;gpy; xU ghjp vd;W ,yf;fpa';fspy; tUzpf;fg;gLk; bgz;fs; FLk;g thH;f;ifapy; gujk; Mlt[k;/ ghj;jpuk; nja;f;ft[k;/ fztDf;F vjpnu fth;r;rpaha; tut[k;/ gps;isfisf; ftdpf;ft[k; kl;Lnk gad;gLfpd;w Typ bfhLf;fg;glhj ntiyf;fhhpahff; fUjg;gLfpd;whs;. ituKj;J/

"fy;byy;yhk;

rpw;gkhd g{kpapy; jhd;

rpw;gk; nghd;w bry;tpabuy;yhk;

fy;yhfp Mfpna fhy'; fHpj;jhh;fs;"³⁴ vd;ghh;. Mdhy; ,d;W fy;tp fw;Wg; nguhrphpiaahdhYk; bgz; gLk; mtyj;ij

"eP

fy;tp fw;wha;

fy;Y}hpapy;

nguhrphpia ahdha;

vdpDk;

raidodhy;

bfhy;yg; gLfpwha;"³⁵ vd;fpwhh;. nkYk; bgz; vg;nghJk; tpHpg;g[ld; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. xt;bthU bgz;zpdKk; tPu k';ifauhf ,g;g[z;zpa g{kpapy; tyk; tu ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpf;nfhis vl;l/

"mfpy bky;yhk;

cd;dhl;rp

elf;Fk; ehs;

xd;Wz;L

Mz;ltnd epidj;jhYk;

khwhJ ,r;rgjk;

bgz;zpdnk

Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko . . ."³⁶ vd;W tPuk; brwpe;j fUj;ijj; je;J bgz;zpdj;ij tpHpg;gila[k;go miwTty; tpLf;fpwhh; ek; ftp"h;.

5.2.2.3 bts;is cs;sk;

,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; bgz;fs; tujl;riz vd;Dk; bfhoa nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. jpUkz';fs; brhh;f;fj;jpy; epr;rapf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 'buhf;fk;' (gzk;) ,y;yhjjhy; ,g;bghGJ gy fd;dpah;fSf;Fj; jpUkznk Mtjpy;iy. ,d;iwa Mz;fs; jd;Dila ciHg;gpy; rk;ghjpj;J kidtpiaf; fhg;ghw;w ntz;Lk; vd;w

vz;zkpy;yhky; th';fpa tujl;rizapd; tl;og; gzj;jpy;jhd; czt[k;/ cila[k; mspf;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; tujl;rizf; Fiwt[ vd;w fhuzj;ijf; Twhky; bgz; fWg;g[ vd;W Mz; tPl;lhh; kWf;fpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; jd;idna jPapl;Lf; bfhz;l bgz;zpd; epiyia/

"khg;gps;is te;jhh;

bgz;izg; ghh;j;jhh;

rk;kjk; brhd;dhh;

tujl;rizf; nfl;lhh;

rw;nw Fiwt[

ntz;lhk; bghz;q

fWg;gh ,Uf;F

te;j ntfj;jpy;

jpUk;gpg; nghdhh;.

fy';fpg; bghz;q

jPapy; Fspj;jhs;

bte;J jzpe;jJ

bts;is cs;sk;"³⁷ vd;W Twp tujl;riz bfhLf;f Koahky; ,d;iwa bgz;zpdk; mHpe;J nghtij - bte;J nghtij mg;gona glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

5.2.2.4 ey;ynjhh; tPiz

,t;t[yfpy; xU kdpjidf; FHe;ijahf mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ md;id vd;why; mJ kpifad;W. xt;bthU kdpjDk; jd;idg;

bgw;bwLj;J ,k;kz;qyfj;jpw;F je;J ghY}l;o jhyhl;o/ gH';fijfisbay;yhk; gf;Ftkhfr; brhy;ypj; je;J khDldhf thH itj;j jhiag; nghw;w ntz;Lk;/ g[fH ntz;Lk; mts; g[fH; gug;gpl ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpny/

"gj;J khjk;

Rke;bjd;idg;

gf;Ftkha; <d;bwLj;J

ghY}l;oj; jhyhl;og;

gH';fijfs; brhy;ypj; je;J

khDldha; thH itj;j

k';ifbaDk;

jhatis

juzpapny jhH;e;jplhky;

thH;e;jplnt

tHpbahd;W bra;jpLnthk;*"³⁸ vd;fpwhh;.

5.2.2.5 bksdk;

xU kdpjDf;F mHF jUgit gy cz;L. Mdhy; bgz;fSf;F kpfr; rpwg;ghd mHifj; jUtnj bksdk; MFk;. vtbuy;yhk; bksdkhf ,Uf;fpwhh;fnsh mth;fbsy;yhk; md;ghy; rhjpj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gjid mtuJ ghzpapny bjspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.

",dpatns*

epj;jk; epj;jk;

neUf;F neh;

ehk; ghLk;

fhjy; fPj';fs;

jz;zPh; nky;

vGj;ijg; nghd;wit. . . . . .*

Mdhy;

cd;

bksdj;jpd; ghh;itnah

vd; ,jaj;jpy;

fy;yiwapd; kPJ

$dd . . . . kuz

vGj;Jf;fsha;"³⁹vd mHFglf; TWfpwhh;.

5.2.8 kJ btwp

kJ vd;Dk; nghij kdpjDf;Fs;ns brd;why; kjp vd;Dk; mwpt[ btspna gwe;Jngha;tpLk;. me;j kJjhd; thHg;gpwe;j kdpjidr; rhf itf;Fk;. gFj;jwpt[s;s kdpjidg; gFj;jwptw;w kpUfkhf;Fk; vd;gjidbay;yhk; fUj;Jf; nfhh;itahff; bfhz;L kJtpdhy; tUk; ,d;dy;fisg; gpd;tUk; rpW jiyg;g[f;fspny rpwg;g[ld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.

1. kJit xHpg;nghk;

2. ey;ynjhh; tPiz

5.2.3.1 kJit xHpg;nghk;

kdpjd; kJ vd;Dk; kha muf;fid mUe;jptpl;L kjp ka';fp mLj;jth; tPl;od; fjtpidj; jl;Lk; epiyapid/

"kJ tUe;jp

tpHpka';fp

tHp bjhpahky;

tPL khwp

md;dpad; fjitj;

jdbjdf; fUjpj;

jl;Lk; nghJ"⁴⁰ vd;W Twp mLj;jth; tPl;od; fjtpid jd; tPl;Lf; fjt[ vd;W jl;Lk; nghJ vd;djhd; elf;Fk; me;jr; rk;gtj;ij ele;j epfH;t[g; nghyf; ftp"h; fhl;Lk;nghJ/

"joaofs;

jatpd;wp th';fp

if/ fhy; cile;J

jiy behW';fpr;

rhiy Xuj;jpy;

FUjp bts;sj;jpy;

Fw;Wapuha;f;

fplf;Fk; nghJ"⁴¹ vd;W Twp mLj;jth; tPl;Lf; fjitj; jl;Lk;nghJ fpilf;Fk; ghprpidf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. gpd; kjpka';fpa

Fofhud; jdJ kidtp TWk; mwpt[iuapidf; nfl;fhky;/ mtd; elj;Jk; ehl;oa ehlfj;ij mg;gona glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

"eP

ahuo vdf;F

mwpt[iu Tw

fHw;wo jhypia

ahUf;Ff; fhz

cdf;fpe;j jhyp vd

moj;J cijj;Jj;

jhypiag; gpL';fp

mywy; rj;jk;

mLj;jth; mwpahky;

thapy; Jzpia

mKf;fp itj;J

mLf;fisapy; js;sp

fjitg; g{l;Lk; nghJk;"⁴² vd;W Twp kJ xU kdpjDf;F vg;gog;gl;l g[j;jpiabay;yhk; jUk;/ kdpjid jhyp gwpf;f itj;J kidtpiar; rpj;jputij bra;aj; J}z;Lk;/ ehisa jiyth;fs; vd gl;lk; R{l;lg;gLfpd;w mt;tPl;od; kHiyfspd; epiyfs;/ mit mGk;nghJ FofhuDf;F ve;j tifahd Fuyhff; nfl;fpwJ vd;gjid/

"ma;nah. . . . . . mg;gh. . . . .

mk;khit kpjpf;fhnj

FHe;ijfspd; Xyk;

fGijfspd; Xykha;

,td;

fhJfSf;F vl;l

m';Fk; ,';Fkha;j;

J}f;fp tPrp

J#;ldha; khwpj;

J#;gpunahfk;

bra;jpLk;

kJit xHpg;nghk;"⁴³ vdf; TWfpwhh;. Mfnt kJit mUe;Jtjhy; J#;ldha; khwpj; J#;gpunahfk; bra;a[k; epiy cUthfpwJ. Mfnt xU FLk;gk; thH Xuhapuk; FLk;g';fs; mHptij xUnghJk; mDkjpf;f KoahJ vd;gjid/

"kJit tpw;W

xU FLk;gk; thH

Xuhapuk; FLk;gk;

mHptij mDkjpnahk;"⁴⁴

vd;fpwhh;.

5.2.3.2 ey;ynjhh; tPiz bra;J

,d;W rhiy Xu';fspy;/ fy;Y}hpfspd; Kd;/ Fof;fj; jz;zPh; fpilf;fpwnjh ,y;iynah/ mUe;j kJghd';fs; fpilf;Fk;. ,e;epiyapid mwnt nghf;f ,dpnahh; tpjp bra;nthk; vd;gjid/

"rhiy Xu';fspy;

kJghdf; filfs;

khdpl be";r';fspd;

kjpapid kaf;fp

"khf;fisg;" nghy

epiyFiya itf;Fk;

epiyfis khw;wpl

,dpnahh; tpjp bra;nthk;*"⁴⁵ vdj; bjspthf ,ak;g[fpwhh;.

5.2.4 Kuz;ghL

njrk; khwpf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpy; Kuz;ghLfs; mu';nfwpf; bfhz;nlj;jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; rKjhak; vg;gobay;yhk; Kuz;gl;Lf; bfhz;L bry;fpwJ vd;gjid/

1. fhyk;

2. fhjy;

3. Kuz;ghL

4. vd; njrk; tpHpj;bjHl;Lk;/ vd;w ghh;itapny Kuz;ghl;il rKjhag; ghh;itnahL fhl;Lfpwhh;.

5.2.4.1 fhyk;

fhyk; khw khw gz;ghl;L/ fyhr;rhuKk; khwj;jhd; bra;fpd;wd. kdpj vz;z';fs; g[jpa ghijapy; gazk; bra;J bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. bgz; vd;why; nga[k; ,u';Fk; vd;ghh;fs;. Mdhy;

fhyk; khwptpl;lJ. ,d;W fUt[f;Fs;ns rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; ghpnrhjid elf;fpwJ. fUt[f;Fs;ns ,Uf;Fk; FHe;ij eykh> Rfkh> vd;wy;y. khwhf FHe;ijapid vd;d bra;tJ tsh;f;fth> fiyf;fth> vd;w fhy ntWghl;il/

",';nf fUt[f;Fs;nsna

Muha;r;rp bra;fpd;wdh;

eykh> Rfkh> vd;wy;y

tsh;f;fth> fiyf;fth>

vd;Wjhd;"⁴⁶ vdf; Twp r\f Kuz;ghl;ilj; jkJ vGj;njhtpaj;jpy; gilf;fpwhh;.

5.2.4.2 fhjy;

fhjy; vd;gJ ,U cs;s';fspd; epj;jpa r';fkk;. $hjp/ ,d/ bkhHp fle;J kdpj kd';fis ,izg;gJ. tujl;rizbaDk; nfhu muf;fidr; r\fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpul;o mog;gJ me;j mst[f;F fhjYf;Fr; rf;jp cz;L. Mdhy; me;jf; fhjypd; ,d;iwa epiyia/

"rhjfKk;/ rhj;jpuKk;

rhjid g[hpahjjhy;

rhpj;jpuk; gilf;f ntz;oa

fhjyh;fs;

,';nf

rhfof;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;"⁴⁷ vdf; Twp kdk; btJk;g[fpwhh;.

5.2.4.3 Kuz;ghL

vy;nyhUk; Xh; Fyk;/ vy;nyhUk; Xhpdk;/ vy;nyhUk; ,e;ehl;L kf;fs; vd;W bgUikg;gl;Lf; bfhs;Sk; ek; ehl;oy; rhjpapd; bgauhy; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fs; vd xUrpyiu xJf;fp itf;fpd;wdh;. "gpwg;bghf;Fk; vy;yh caph;f;Fk;" vd;whh; ghujp. mnj nghd;W rhjpfs; ,y;iy vdf; Twp fyg;g[ kzj;ij elj;jp itj;J rYiffs; gy cz;bld;W Twp gps;is bgw;Wg; gs;spapy; nrh;f;fr; brd;why; rhjp/ kjk; vd;d vdf; nfl;gij/

"ek; njrj;jpy;

rhjpa[k;/ kjKk;

,y;iybad;ghh;

fyg;g[ kzj;ij

elj;jpa[k; itg;ghh;

rYiffs; gyt[k;

cz;bld;Wk;

ciuj;jpLthh;

gps;isiag; bgw;Wg;

gs;spapy; nrh;f;fr; brd;why;

rhjpa[k;/ kjKk;

vd;d vd;ghh;.

,J Kuz;gl;l njrk;

tpHpg;g[ld; thH;nthk;"⁴⁸ vd;W Twp tpHpg;g[zh;t[ jUfpwhh;.

5.2.4.4 vd; njrk; tpHpj;bjHl;Lk;

,e;jr; rKjhak; ViHf;F xU ePjp gzf;fhuDf;F xU ePjp vd;fpw mog;gilahd jj;Jtj;jpidna jdjhf;fpf; bfhz;lJ vdyhk;. ViHahf ,Ue;J VH;ikapidg; nghf;f mtd; VjhtJ bra;jhy; mtDf;Fhpa ghpir/

"ViHaha; ,Ue;J

VH;ikiag; nghf;f

Vnjh bra;jhy;

ViHf;F tUtnjh

if tpy';F"⁴⁹ vd;fpwhh;. mnj neuj;jpy; nfhO!;tudhf ,Ue;J mtd; vt;tst[ nfho bfhs;isaoj;jhYk; mtDf;F tUtnjh/

"nfhO!;tuuha; ,Ue;J

nfho nfhoaha;f;

bfhs;isaoj;jhy;

bfhs;isaDf;F tUtnjh

fhty; g{idfs;"⁵⁰ vd;fpwhh;. ,t;thwhd Kuz;gl;l njrkhdJ Kd;g[ mQpk;irapd; mutizg;gpy; ,ul;rpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;nwh gphptpid rf;jpfshy; ghHhfpwJ vd;gjid/

"mQpk;irapd; mutizg;gpy;

,ul;rpf;fg;gl;l ghujk;

,d;W

,uj;j MWfspy;

glnfhl;og; gHFfpwJ

gphptpid rf;jpfshy;"⁵¹ vd;fpwhh;.

5.2.5 kdpjk;

fy;yhfp ,Wfpg;nghd kd';fs; vy;yhk; kdpjkhfp ,sf ntz;Lk;. kdpjk; kyh;e;jpl ntz;Lk;. kdpj khz;g[fs; cah;e;jpl ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; mirahj mf;fiw cilath; fky. bry;tuh$; gue;j ,t;t[yfpy; kdpjk; kyh;e;jpl ntz;Lbkdpy; mjw;fhd tHpKiwfis/

1. jpUkzk;

2. fhjy;

3. tWikia xHpg;nghk;

4. thH;th';F thH;t[/ mwpt[ bewpapy; vDk; jiyg;g[f;fspy; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

5.2.5.1 jpUkzk;

,t;t[yfpy; kdpjk; kyu ntz;Lbkdpy; ,Ukd';fs; ,iza ntz;Lk;. mJnt jpUkzk;. me;j ,Ukd';fSk; ,ize;J ,Ufuk; nfhj;J xU kdjhfpg; gykd';fSk; thH;j;jg; gy;yhz;L thH miHf;fpwhh;.

",Ukdk;

,ize;J

,Ufuk;

nfhj;J

xU kdjhfp

gy kdk;

thH;j;j

gytsk;

bgw;Wg;

gy;yhz;L thH;tJ . . . ."⁵² vd;fpwhh;.

5.2.5.2 fhjy;

kdpj kd';fs; brk;ikahf ntz;Lbkdpy; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhff; fhjy; gad;gLfpwJ. fhjYf;Ff; fz; ,y;iy. kjk; kiwf;fg;gl;L kdk; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gjid/

"fhjy; jpUkzk;

fr;nrhpapy; elg;gjhy;

kjk; ,';nf kiwf;fg;gLfpwJ

kdk; ,';nf ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ"⁵³ vd;fpwhh;.

fhjy; kzj;jhy; gzk; tsk; ,y;iy !;lt; btog;g[ ,;y;iy tujl;rizf; bfhLik ,y;iy vd;gij tpsf;f/

",';nf

gztsk; njlhky;

kdtsk; ehLtjhy;

khdpl thH;f;ifapy;

kfj;Jtk; kyh;fpwJ"⁵⁴ vdf; Twpg; g[jpa tuyhW gilf;fpwhh;. ,d;W kdpj kd';fs; rhjpbaDk; ngahy; tho tj';fp tpHp gpJ';fp thH;fpwJ. fhjyhy; rhjpf;Fr; rtf;FHp cz;lhf;f Koa[k; vd;gjid/

"fhjy;

rhjp btwpiar;

rtf; FHpahf;fp

rhpj;jpuk; gilf;Fk;"⁵⁵ vd;W jdJ kidtpapd; rhjp vJbtdj; bjhpahkny kzk; g[hpe;j Kw;nghf;Fthjp fhjiyg; gw;wp mjd; typikiag; gw;wpg; g[jpa tpsf;ft[iu jUfpwhh;.

5.2.5.3 tWikia xHpg;nghk;

kdpjk; kyu tWik xHpa ntz;Lk;. tWikapd; nfhug;gpoahy; kdpjk; tho tj';ff; TlhJ. tWikiag; nghf;f kdpjj;jpw;Fj; njitahd xU tHpKiw gfph;jy;. me;jg; gfph;jy; vg;go vd;gjidf; fhf;if tHpapy; fhl;o kdpjh; gfph;jYf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gJf;fp thH;tij/

"fhf;iff;Fk; cz;o';F

gfph;e;Jz;L thH;jy;

Mdhy;

khdplh; cz;o';F

gJf;fp itj;J thH"⁵⁶ vdf; TWfpwhh;. ,e;jg; gJf;fy; khw rpwe;j muir cUthf;f ntz;Lk;. ey;y mikr;rh;fshy; ehL Msg;gl ntz;Lk;.

"khdplj;J caph;fSf;F

ey;thH;t[ mspj;jplnt

k';fhj muR xd;W

mikj;jpLnthk;

m';nf

khnkijfis

ke;jphpfs; Mf;fpLnthk;

ka';fhj tWikjid

koa itg;nghk;"⁵⁷ vdj; bjspt[ jUfpwhh;.

5.2.5.4 thH;th';F thH;nthk;/ mwpt[ bewpapy;

kdpjk; kyh;e;jpl ntz;Lbkdpy; mwpt[ cyif ehk; gilf;f ntz;oaJ fhyj;jpd; fl;lhak; MFk;. mt;twpt[j; jpwd;/

"Mapuk; cz;o';F

caphpd';fs; - mjpy;

Mwwpt[ gilj;jJnt

kdpj caph;"⁵⁸ kdpjd; kl;Lnk MwhtJ mwpthd gFj;jwptpidf; bfhz;ltd;. gFj;jwpt[ vjw;Fg; gad;gl ntz;Lk; vd;gjid/

"md;g[k; mwDk;

gz;g[k; gaDk;

gf;jpa[k; rf;jpa[k;

gfph;e;jp';F thH;e;jpl

tFj;j bewpna

gFj;jwpthFk;"⁵⁹ vdg; gFj;jwpt[f;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;. khDlk; vd;why; bgz;fSk; ml';Fth;. mLg;g{Jk; bgz;fSf;Fg;

gog;bgjw;F vd;w ,Uz;l fhyk; mHpe;J khdplk; jiHj;J tUfpwJ. ,d;W kpf Kf;fpakhd gjtpfspy; bgz;fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gjid/

"tPl;odpy; milgl;l

bgz;fSnk

fy;tpr;rhiyfs;

brd;wpl;L btd;wdnu

ehl;ila[k; Mz;lth;

b$apj;jdnu

ePjpgjpfshapu khapuk;

Mapdnu*"⁶⁰ vd kfsph; tsh;r;rpapidf; nfhol;L fhl;Lfpwhh;. mwptpy;yhj fhuzj;jhy; khnkijfshf khw ntz;oath;fs; kfh Kl;lhs;fshf khWfpwhh;fs;. mwptpy;yhj fhuzj;jhy; kdpjd; mila[k; Jahpid/

"mwptpy;yhf; fhuzj;jhy;

ViHfis

vj;jidngh;

bewpbfl;l epiyapdpny

Ruz;o kpf thH;fpd;whh;

gFj;jwpt[ ,Ue;j gpd;g[k;

gpwh; fhypy;

ek; jiyiaj;

jhH;j;jp kpf thH;e;jhny

vd;dhFk;

ek; thH;t[>"⁶¹ vdf; nfs;tp nfl;fpwhh;. bfhLikfs; epiwe;jJ jhnd ,t;t[yfk;. mf;bfhLikfis mfw;Wtjw;F ,iwtd; mwpitj; je;Js;shd; vd;gjid/

"bfhLikfs; gy

fz;bzjpnu

fz;ol;lhy;

bfhLk; Ma[j';fs;

bfhz;ljid

mHpj;jpLnthk;

Thpa mwpthny tPH;j;jp

eyk; tpise;jplnt

vz;zpLtPh; nrhjunu

vGe;jpLtPh; nrhjunu*"⁶² vdf; TWfpwhh;.

5.2.6 Md;kPfk;

kdpj kd';fs; brk;ikg;gl ntz;Lk; vd;why; Md;kPfk; vd;w md;g[ tpij J}tg;gl ntz;Lk;. xU kdpjdJ Kul;Lj;jdj;ij khw;wp mtid bjspthd kdpjdhf khw;WtJ Md;kPfk;. kdpjid ,iwr;rhaYf;nfw;g kdpjdhf khw;WtJ Md;kPfk; vd;why; kpifahfhJ. mg;gog;gl;l Md;kPfj;jpd; ,d;iwa cz;ikahd epiyiaa[k; nghypahf tyk; tUfpd;w bgha;ahd Md;kPfj;jpd; nghyp Kfj;ijf; fhl;Lk; tz;zkhf MW rpW jiyg;g[f;fspy; ftp"h; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

1. ehLk; ehKk;

2. vjph;fhyk;

3. ehL vd; ifapy; fpilj;jhy;

4. ey;ynjhh; tPiz

5. vd; njrk; tpHpj;bjHl;Lk;

6. g[jpanjhh; cyfk; fhz Md;kPf bewp tsh;g;nghk;

5.3.6.1 ehLk; ehKk;

,t;t[yfk; ,d;Dk; md;g[ bewpbad;Dk; rf;jpapidf; bfhz;L jpfH;fpwJ vdpy; gy Md;kPfthjpfs; Md;kPf bewpapid ekf;Ff; fhl;o mg;nghijapd;go thH ekf;F tHpfhl;odh;. mg;nghjidfs; ekf;Fj; njit vd;gjid/

"g[j;jd; fhe;jp

,naR my;yh

nghjid ekf;Fg;

nghJk;"⁶³ vd;fpwhh;. ,jpy; cah;e;jth; ahh;> jhH;e;jth; ahh;> vd ehk; ek; \isiag; nghl;Lf; FHg;g[tjhy;/

",jpy; cah;e;jth; ahbud

Ma;e;jpl epidj;jhy;

ngijik ek;ik

R{H;e;jpLk;"⁶⁴ vd ek;ikr; rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;Lfpwhh;.

5.2.6.2 vjph;fhyk;

bja;tk; vd;why; vJ> nfhapy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjw;F kdr;rhl;rp bja;tk;/ kdpj cwt[ bja;tk; vdf; Twp ehk; kdr;rhl;rpa[ld; kdpj cwt[ bfhz;L thH ek;ik miHf;fpwhh;. mjid/

"kdjpd; rhl;rpna

khbgUk; bja;tk;

kdpj cwnt

khbgUk; nfhapy;

khdplk; ,jid

kwe;jplyhnkh"⁶⁵ vd;fpwhh;.

5.2.6.3 ehL vd; ifapy; fpilj;jhy;

,d;iwa Md;kPfthjpfbsy;yhk; bewpbfl;L kdpj be";r';fisbay;yhk; miuj;Jg; gpHpa[k; fath; Tl;l';fshf khwp tUtijf; fz;L bgh';fp mth;fisf; Tz;nlhL xHpg;ngd; vd;gjid/

"kjbkDk; ke;jpuj;jhy;

khDl be";r';fis

miuj;Jg; gpHpa[k;

fath; Tl;l';fisf;

Tz;nlhL xHpg;ngd;"⁶⁶ vd;fpwhh;.

5.2.6.4 ey;ynjhh; tPiz bra;

,d;W caph; cs;s Md;kPfk; brj;Jf; bfhz;nl nghfpwJ. bfl;l ehw;wkhd Md;kPf';fs; kype;J bfhz;nl tUfpd;wd. rpy ntlk; g[ide;j nghyp Mntrf;fhu Md;kPfthjpfspd; mlhtoj;jd';fshy; Md;kPfk; mHpfpwJ. Tlnt ey;y Mj;khf;fSk; mHpfpd;wd. Md;kPfj;ij tsh;j;J Mntrj;ij mHpf;f miHg;g[ tpLf;fpwhh;.

"Mntrf;fhuh;fspy;

mlhtoj;jd';fshy;

Md;kPfk; ,';F

mHpe;jplg; nghFJ

Md;kPfk; mHpe;jhy; - ey;y

Mj;khf;fs; md;nwh

mHpe;J nghFk;*

Mfnt

Md;kPfk; tsh;g;nghk;

Mntrk; mHpg;nghk;"⁶⁷ vd cz;ik Md;kPfj;ij tsh;f;f ek;ik miHf;fpwhh;.

5.2.6.5 vd; njrk; tpHpj;bjHl;Lk;

m';fpfisg; nghl;L tpl;L ehd; flt[spd; mtjhuk; vd mg;ghtp kf;fsplk; ntrk; fhl;Lk; nghypahd Md;kPfthjpfsplk; ,Ue;J vd; njrk; tpHpf;fl;Lk; vd;gijr; Rl;of;fhl;l

"m';fpfspd; cs;nsa[k;

mut[g; g[w;Wfs;

ght kd;dpg;g[f;fha;

ghj';fis gpof;fr; brd;why;

ghtk;

ghtpfsha;g;

gy;ytp ghLk; ngijikfs;"⁶⁸ vd;fpwhh;.

5.2.6.6 g[jpanjhh; cyfk; fhz Md;kPf bewp tsh;g;nghk;

Md;kPfk; vd;gJ bghpatd; jhH;e;jtndhL cwthLtJk;/ gzf;fhud; ViHnahL cwthLtJk;/ murd; jdJ rpk;khrdj;ij tpl;ow';fp Mz;oa[ld; cwthLtJkhFk;. ,jid/

"murd;

Mrdj;ij tpl;ow';fp

Mz;oa[ld;

cwthLk;

r';fk f';ifna

Md;kPfk;"⁶⁹ vd;fpwhh;. ,d;iwa r\fj;jpy; ey;y Md;kPfthjpfs; gyh; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; Mz;lthpd; bgauhy; mojo elj;jhky; kdpj Mj;khf;fis nerpj;J njrj;ijf; fhj;jth;fs;. mth;fspd; tHpapidg; gpd;gw;wp ehKk; thH md;g[ ntz;Lnfhs; tpLf;fpwhh;.

"g[j;jDk; fhe;jpa[k;

,uhkfpU#;zUk;

tpntfhde;jUk;

Md;kPfthjpfs;

mth;fs;

Mz;ltd; ehkj;jhy;

mojo elj;jhky;

kdpj Mj;khf;fis

nerpj;Jj;

njrj;ijf; fhj;jth;fs;"⁷⁰ vd;W cz;ikahf thH;e;J mwbewpahk; Md;kPf bewpapid tpijahf Cd;wp gf;Ftkhf tsh;j;j cz;ikahd Md;kPfthjpfis milahsk; fhl;Lfpwhh;. vjw;fhf Md;kPfk; tsh;f;f ntz;Lk;. Md;kPfk; bfh";rkhtJ ,Ug;gjhy; jhd; ,e;ehl;oy; ePjpa[k;/ epahaKk;/ kdpj neaKk; mQpk;ira[k; xUrpyhplkhtJ ,Uf;fpwJ. me;epiyapid midtUk; bgw Md;kPf bewpapid ehk; tsh;f;f/

"ePjpa[k; epahaKk;

epfhpy;yh

kdpj neaKk;

ghbu';Fk; gutpl

Md;kPfk; tsh;g;nghk;

mqf;Fz;L Mgj;ij

mwnt xHpj;J

mQpk;ir xspia

mfpybky;yhk; gug;g"⁷¹ Md;kPf bewpapid tsh;f;f ntz;Lk; vd ek;ikj; J}z;Lfpwhh;. ,e;jpah gy;ntW kj';fis cs;slf;fpa ehL gy;ntW jug;gl;l kj kf;fs; thGk; ehL. ,e;ehl;oy; xt;bthUtUk; ahh; flt[s; bghpath; vd;W myrpg; ghh;f;fhky; kj';fs; vy;yhk; kf;fis fhf;fnt njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lit vd;gjid mwpjy; ntz;Lk;. kjr;rz;ilfs; \z;L kz;il XLfs; Ftptijj; jtph;f;ft[k; midj;J kj kf;fSk; rnfhju rnfhjhpfshf kj xw;WiknahL thH ntz;Lk; vd;gjid/

",uhkdh> g[j;jdh>

,naRth> my;yhth>

myrpg; ghh;f;fhjPh;

,uhkDk;/ g[j;jDk;

,naRt[k;/ my;yht[k;

gf;jid ,ul;rpf;Fk;

cj;jkh; vd;nw

czh;e;jpLtPh;"⁷² vd;W kj ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;F miHg;g[ kzp mof;fpwhh;.

5.2.7 ,is"d;

,sik ,dpa gUtk;/ ,dpikahd gUtk;/ ek; ehl;od; kf;fs; bjhifapy; kpf mjpfkhf ,sk; gUtj;jpdnu cs;sdh;. Mfnt mjpfk; g';Fs;s ,is"h;fshy; jhd; ,e;j ehL jiyepkpu

Koa[k;. Mfnt jhd; Rthkp tpntfhde;jh; ",yl;rpag; ghijapy; gazk; bra;a jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; 100 ,is"h;fisj; jhU';fs; Jd;gk; ,y;yh J}a ghujj;ij cUthf;fpj; jUfpnwd;" vd;ghh;. mz;zhj;Jiuath;fs; ",is"h;fs; jPl;oa fj;jp nghd;wth;fs;" vd;ghh;. ,t;tst[ rpwg;g[g; bgw;w ,is"h;fs; epidj;jhy; ,dpa ghujk; ,dpik MFk; vd;gjid ,j;jiyg;gpny nfhol;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. ,j;jiyg;g[ gpd;tUk; cl;jiyg;g[f;fisf; bfhz;L tUfpwJ.

1. fhyk;

2. epidf;fpnwd; ,dpf;fpwJ

3. rpfuj;ij nehf;fp

5.2.7.1 fhyk;

,is"d; rpwg;g[f;fs; gy bgw;wtd;. mtd; epidj;jhy; JUk;iga[k; J}zhf;f Koa[k; vd;gjid/

",is"nd*

Jtz;L tplhnj

Joj;bjG

eP epidj;jhy;

JUk;iga[k; J}zhf;fyhk;"⁷³ vd;fpwhh;.

5.2.7.2 epidf;fpnwd; ,dpf;fpwJ

r\fk; \lg;gHf;f';fis jkJ caph; \r;rhff; bfhz;lJ. flt[spd; bgaiu xypj;Jf; bfhz;L flt[spd; gps;isfs; vd;W

brhy;Yk; kf;fisna flt[spd; jpUg;bgaiur; brhy;yp xJf;Fk; R{Hy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,iwtd; gilg;gpy; kdpjFyj;jpw;F ,uz;nl rhjpjhd; cz;L. 1. Mz;rhjp/ 2. bgz;rhjp. Mdhy; g[w;wPry;fs; nghy; gy;ntW rhjpfs; Kisj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. mit rhjpapd; bgauhy; rz;ilfis \l;of;bfhz;nl tUfpd;wd. ,e;epiy khWk;nghJ ekJ kdbky;yhk; cs;sbky;yhk; kfpH;r;rpahy; jpisf;Fk; vd;gjid/

"\lg; gHf;fk;

vy;yhk; mHpe;J

flt[s; bgauhy;

kdpjid xJf;fpr;

rhjpiar; brhy;ypr;

rz;ilia \l;oa

rfyUk; ,d;W

,e;jpa kf;fs;

mj;jid ngUk;

,dpnj thH"⁷⁴ cs;sbky;yhk; ,dpf;fpwJ. elf;Fkh vd kdk; btJk;g[fpwhh;. mwptpay; kdpjdJ thH;tpy; mHpahg; bghUis Mf;fpj;je;J kz;zpd; kf;fs; tpz;zpy; brd;W khdpl thH;tpy; tHpiaj; njLk; cah;thd ,yl;rpaj;ijf; fz;lhy; ,isnahh; cs;sk; ,dpg;gjhf/

"Mz;Lfs; njhWk;

mwptpay; bgUfp

mHpahg; bghUis

Mf;fpj; je;J

kz;zpd; kf;fs;

tpz;zpy; brd;W

khdpl thH;tpd;

tHpiaj; njLk;

cah;e;j ,yl;rpak;

cd;dpy; fz;L"⁷⁵ ,isnahh; cs;sk; ,dpf;fpwJ. bgz; fy;tp fw;why; mts; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; FLk;gnk fy;tp fw;wjhFk;. mg;gog;gl;l ghujp fz;l g[Jikg; bgz;fs; mLf;fisia tpl;Lg; gs;spf;Fr; brd;W ghl';fs; gapy;th;. ghhpdpy; ghFghL ,d;wpg; gz;g[ld; thH;th;. g[Jikapidf; fz;L ,isnahh; g[j;Japh;g;g[g; bgWth;. ,jid/

"ghujp fz;l

g[Jikg; bgz;

mLf;fis tpl;Lg;

gs;spf;Fr; brd;W

ghl';fs; vy;yhk;

ed;wha;f; fw;Wg;

ghhpdpby';Fk;

ghFghod;wpg;

gz;g[ld; thGk;

g[Jikiaf; fz;L

,isnahh; cs;sk; ,dpf;fpwnj . . .*"⁷⁶ vd;W g[jpa fPjk; Vw;Wfpwhh;. ,d;iwa fiyfs; vy;yhk; kf;fs; kdijg; gz;gLj;jhky; g[z;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,k;kz;zpd; fiyfs;/ kf;fs; fiyfs;/ fhy';fs; njhWk; bgUfp fz;lth; vy;yhk; tpaf;Fk; tz;zk; midj;J kf;fSk; tpag;g[lDk; fspg;g[lDk; thGk; epiyapid/

"fhyk; njhWk;

fiyfs; bgUfp

fz;lth; vy;yhk;

tpaf;Fk; tz;zk;

flikiar; bra;J

ftiyiaj; jPh;j;J

fspg;g[ld; thGk;

epiyiaf; fz;L"⁷⁷ vd;W TWfpwhh;. ,j;njrk; MjpKjy; ,d;Wtiu jPz;lhikapy; Fsph;fha;fpwJ. khepy gpur;rid/ kj';fshy; gpur;rid ,e;epiy khWk; nghJk; v';fs; cs;sbky;yhk; ,dpf;fpwJ vd;gjid/

"kf;fl; bfy;yhk;

khdpl nerk;

kw;wit bay;yhk;

khwpLk; nt#k;

khepykpy;iy

kjKk; ,y;iy

khoapy; thGk;

kf;fSk; xd;nw

jPz;lhik v';Fk;

mwnt jPh;e;jJ

mfj;jpy; fz;L"⁷⁸ ,isnahh; cs;sk; ,dpg;gjhf ,dpa Fuyhfr; brg;g[fpwhh;.

5.2.7.3 rpfuj;ij nehf;fp

,is"dpd; ghij vg;nghJk; mHpit nehf;fp my;y mJ Mf;fj;ij nehf;fpajhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. rhit nehf;fp my;y khwhf thH;it nehf;fp ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. mJnt rpfuj;ij nehf;fpa g[jpa ghijahFk;. ,is"d; Muhjidf; Tlj;jpd; mh;r;ridg; g{ Mthd; vd;gjid/

",is"nd

Muhjidf; Tlj;jpd;

mh;r;ridg; g{"⁷⁹ vd;fpwhh;. ,is"d; epidj;jhy; vd;d bra;a Koa[k; vija[k; bra;a Koa[k; vd;gjid/

"g[y;iya[k;

g[y;yh'; FHyhf;fyhk;

kz;iza[k;

bghd;dhf;fyhk;"⁸⁰vd;W TWfpwhh;.

,is"d; ,y;iy vd;W brhy;yf; TlhJ ,y;iyia ,y;yhky; Mf;f ntz;Lk;. KoahJ vd;gij jhuf ke;jpuk; Mf;fhky; Koahikf;F Kw;Wg;g[s;sp itf;Fk; vz;zj;jpy;/

"eP

,y;iybad;W

brhy;yhnj

,y;yhikia

,y;yhky; Mf;F

KoahJ vd;gij

cd;

jhuf ke;jpuk;

Mf;fhnj

Koahikf;F

Kw;Wg;g[s;sp itf;ff;

fw;Wf; bfhs;"⁸¹ vd;fpwhh;. bjhpahJ vd;gJ cd; mwpt[f;F mHfy;y/ njoj; bjsptJjhd; cd; ,sikf;F mHF. ntjidfisr; rhjidfshf;F. rhjidfshy; rhpj;jpuk; gilf;f miHf;Fk; tpjkhf/

"bjhpahJ vd;gJ

cd;

mwpt[f;F mHfy;y

njoj; bjspjny

,sikf;F mHF

eP ntjidfis

rhjidfshf;F

rhjidfshy;

rhpj;jpuk; gilf;fyhk;"⁸² vd;fpwhh;. ,d;W r\fj;ij thl;o tijf;Fk; tWikbaDk; nfhu neha; Rikay;y vd;gjid/

"tWik cdf;Fr;

Rikay;y

cd; fu';fs;;

fapWfshy;

fl;lg;glhj tiu"⁸³ vd;fpwhh;. ,d;iwa ,is"h;fs; kt[dj;ijr; re;jpj;J kahdj;ij rhjpf;fpwhh;fs;. mnjneuk; nfhrk; vGg;gpdhy; ,kaj;jpy; bfho fl;l Koa[k; vd;gjid tpsf;Fk; tifapy;/

",is"nd

bksdj;jhy;

re;jpg;gJ kahdj;ij

Mdhy;

nfh#j;jhy;

bfho fl;LtJ

,kaj;jpy; . . . ."⁸⁴ vd;fpwhh;. Mfnt ,is"h;fspd; ghij vg;nghJk; rpfuj;ij nehf;fpajhf mika ntz;Lk;. midj;J ,is"h;fSk; vGe;J eilnghl ntz;Lk; vd;w bra;jpapid/

"eP

vGe;J eilnghL

xUfhy;

Kd;nd bry;y

gpd; th';fhJ

vd;gjid

czh;e;J bfhs;"⁸⁵ vdf; Twp ,is"h;fisr; rpfuj;ij nehf;fp miHf;fpwhh;.

5.3 bjhFg;g[iu

1. ,d;iwa kdpj rKjhak; Kjyhsp th;f;fj;jhy; Jd;gj;ij mDgtpj;J tUtnjhL rhjp/ kjk;/ bkhHp/ ,dk; vdg; gy mikg;g[f;fshy; Jauj;jpw;F cs;shfpwJ.

2. kdpj rKjhak; fhyk; fhykhf kz;oapl;L thGk; r\fkhfnt cs;sJ.

3. ViH kf;fspd; thH;t[ nkl;Lf;Fo kf;fshy; Jd;g[Wj;jg;gLfpwJ.

4. ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; bgz; ,uz;lhk; juj;jpnyna itf;fg;gLfpwhs;.

5. guk;giu guk;giuahfg; bgz;fs; chpikfs; gwpf;fg;gl;nl te;Js;sd.

6. tujl;rizf; bfhLikahy; ,e;jpa ehl;oy; rpy bgz;fs; epj;a fd;dpfshfnt tps';Ffpd;wdh;. kl;Lky;yhky; tujl;rizf; bfhLikf;Fg; bgz;fs; gyh; gypahfpa[k; tUfpd;wdh;.

7. rhjpa[k;/ rkaKk; ,e;jpahtpy; xl;og; gpwe;jit. v';Fk; kjr; rz;ila[k;/ rhjpr; rz;ila[k; epfH;e;j tz;zk; cs;sd.

8. jPz;lhik vd;Dk; bfhoa nehahy; ehl;oy; fytu';fSk;/ caph;g;gypfSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

9. murpay;thjpfs; kf;fis Vkhw;wp ciHf;Fk; kf;fspd; nth;itapy; Rfkha; thH;fpd;wdh;.

10. bghUshjhu Vw;wj;jhH;t[fs; fhuzkhf bgUthhpahd ,e;jpa kf;fs; mog;gilj; njitfisf; Tl mila Koahky; mtjpg;gLfpd;wdh;.

11. murpd; jtwhd mqFKiwapdhy; ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpd; moj;jl;L kf;fs;/ ciHf;Fk; th;f;fj;jpdh; vd midj;J kf;fSk; tWikiaj; jkJ epue;ju tpUe;jhspahff; bfhz;Ls;sdh;.

12. kdpjid kdpjdhf;f te;j kjk; kdpjDf;F vjpuhfpa[s;sJ.

13. ,is"dhy; vija[k; rhjpf;f Koa[k; vd;gJ vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

14. r\fr; rpf;fy;fis tpsf;FtnjhL kl;Lkd;wp mr;rpf;fy;-fspypUe;J tpLgl ,isnahh; rpfuj;ij nehf;fp eilgapyt[k; bgz;fs; Te;jiyj; jl;o Kof;f ntz;Lk; vd;gija[k; kpfr; rpwg;ghf tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.

mof;Fwpg;g[f;fs;

1. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ g. 42.

2. lhf;lh;. gp. nahfP!;tud;/ jkpH;f; ftpijfspy; rKjhar; rpf;fy;fs;/ g. 6.

3. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ g. 99.

4. K. nkj;jh/ fUj;njhl;lk;/ gf;. 20-21.

5. nk.g./ g. 21.

6. M. brfehjd;/ fz;zjhrd; xU fz;nzhl;lk;/ g. 53.

7. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ g. 80.

8. nk.g./ g. 80.

9. nk.g./ g. 81.

10. nk.g./ g. 99.

11. nk.g./ g. 99.

12. nk.g./ g. 100.

13. nk.g./ g. 100.

14. nk.g./ g. 120.

15. rp. gf;jtj;ry ghujp/ gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;/ g. 587.

16. eh. thdkhkiy/ khh;f;!pa r\ftpay; bfhs;if/ g. 92.

17. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ g. 120.

18. nk.g./ g. 121.

19. nk.g./ g. 122.

20. nk.g./ gf;. 130/ 131.

21. nk.g./ g. 40.

22. nk.g./ g. 141.

23. nk.g./ g. 141.

24. nk.g./ g. 141.

25. ituKj;J/ ,d;bdhU njrpafPjk;/ g. 43.

26. ituKj;J/ jpUj;jp vGjpa jPh;g;g[fs;/ g. 48.

27. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ g. 42.

28. nk.g./ g. 43.

29. nk.g./ g. 45.

30. nk.g./ g. 45.

31. nk.g./ g. 46.

32. fe;jh;td;/ kPirfs;/ g. 96.

33. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ g. 46.

34. ituKj;J/ jpUj;jp vGjpa jPh;g;g[fs;/ g. 20.

35. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ g. 47.

36. nk.g./ g. 48.

37. nk.g./ g. 109.

38. nk.g./ g. 132.

39. nk.g./ g. 151.

40. nk.g./ g. 114.

41. nk.g./ g. 114.

42. nk.g./ g. 116.

43. nk.g./ gf;. 116/117.

44. nk.g./ g. 117.

45. nk.g./ g. 133.

46. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ g. 56.

47. nk.g./ g. 59.

48. nk.g./ g. 118.

49. nk.g./ g. 142.

50. nk.g./ g. 142.

51. nk.g./ g. 144.

52. nk.g./ g. 54.

53. nk.g./ g. 58.

54. nk.g./ g. 59.

55. nk.g./ g. 59.

56. nk.g./ g. 139.

57. nk.g./ g. 139.

58. nk.g./ g. 124.

59. nk.g./ g. 124.

60. nk.g./ g. 125.

61. nk.g./ g. 126.

62. nk.g./ g. 129.

63. nk.g./ g. 62.

64. nk.g./ g. 62.

65. nk.g./ g. 78.

66. nk.g./ g. 121.

100

67. nk.g./ g. 134.

68. nk.g./ g. 143.

69. nk.g./ g. 145.

70. nk.g./ g. 146.

71. nk.g./ g. 147.

72. nk.g./ g. 149.

73. nk.g./ g. 57.

74. nk.g./ g. 98.

75. nk.g./ g. 96.

76. nk.g./ g. 96.

77. nk.g./ g. 97.

78. nk.g./ g. 97.

79. nk.g./ g. 105.

80. nk.g./ g. 105.

81. nk.g./ g. 106.

82. nk.g./ gf;. 106/107.

83. nk.g./ g. 107.

84. nk.g./ g. 107.

85. nk.g./ g. 108.

,ay; - MW

ghLbghUSk; cj;jpfSk;

6.0 Kd;Diu

6.1 jiyg;g[ tHpahfg; g[yg;gLj;Jjy;

6.1.1 Kuz; jiyg;g[

6.1.2 tpdhj; jiyg;g[

6.1.3 epfH;r;rpj; jiyg;g[

6.1.4 cUtj; jiyg;g[

6.1.5 ,aw;ifj; jiyg;g[

6.2 eil

6.2.1 nfs;tp eil

6.2.2 ciuahly; eil

6.2.3 ,aw;if eil

6.2.4 gpwbkhHpf; fyg;g[

6.3 gpwE}y; gad;ghL

6.4 iQf;T totk;

6.5 FwpaPL

6.5.1 ,ay;g[f; FwpaPL

6.6 mHfpay; ghh;it

6.7 m';fjk;

6.7.1 fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspy; m';fjk;

6.8 Kuz;

6.9 bjhFg;g[iu

mof;Fwpg;g[f;fs;

6.0 Kd;Diu

xU gilg;ghsp jhd; mDgtpj;J czh;e;jtw;iw kw;wth;fSf;F czh;j;Jtjw;Ff; ifahSk; bewpKiwna cj;jpahFk;.

"Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; gilg;ghsp tH';f tpUk;g[k; bra;jp (Message) my;yJ mof;fUj;ijj; (Theme) jtpu Vida midj;Jk; cj;jp Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;litna"¹ vd;ghh; kiwkiy. cs;slf;fj;jpd; btspg;ghl;L Kiwna cj;jpahFk;. "xU fiy"d; jd; Jiwapy; brt;tpa btspaPl;ow;Fg; gad; bfhs;Sk; Mw;wYk; Mf;f Kiwa[k; cj;jp vdg;gLfpwJ. ,yf;fpaf; fiyf;Fk; ,J xf;Fk;"² vd;fpwhh; r.nt. Rg;gpukzpad;. rKjhag; gpur;ridfis czh;j;jpj; jPh;t[ fhz;gnj ,yf;fpak; vd;w nehf;fKilath; ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$;. vdnt mtUila ftpijapd; ghLbghUl;fs; bgUk;ghYk; rKjhar; rpf;fy;fisf; bfhz;nl mikfpd;wd. mr;rpf;fy;fisj; jpwk;gl czh;j;Jtjw;Ff; ftp"h; gy;ntW tifahd/ Eqf;fkhd cj;jpfisf; ifahz;Ls;shh;. mth; gad;gLj;jpa[s;s cj;jpfs; ,t;tpaypy; gpd;tUkhW gFj;jhag;gLfpd;wd.

1. jiyg;gpLtjpy; cj;jp

2. eil

3. gpwE}y; gad;ghL

4. mHfpay; ghh;it

5. FwpaPL

6. m';fjk;

7. Kuz;

8. totk;

104

6.1 jiyg;g[ tHpahfg; g[yg;gLj;Jjy;

ftp"h; jhk; Twte;j fUj;Jf;fisj; jiyg;gpd; tHpna g[yg;gLj;JtJ mth;fsJ cj;jpfspy; xd;W. rpWfijf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jiyg;g[ vt;tst[ Kf;fpankh mJnghynt ftpijfSf;Fk; jiyg;g[g; bghUj;jk; Kf;fpakhdJ MFk;. ftpijapd; RUf;fnk jiyg;g[ MFk;. Mifahy; jiyg;g[; ftpijiag; gw;wpa bra;jpia czh;j;Jk; tifapy; mikjy; ntz;Lk;. ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$; jd;Dila ftpijfSf;Fg; gy;ntW tifahdj; jiyg;g[f;fisf; bfhLj;Js;shh;. mit gpd;tUkhW gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. Kuz; jiyg;g[

2. tpdhj; jiyg;g[

3. epfH;r;rpj; jiyg;g[

4. cUtfj; jiyg;g[

5. ,aw;ifj; jiyg;g[

6.1.1 Kuz; jiyg;g[

xd;wpw;bfhd;W Kuzhd brhw;fisf; ifahz;Lj; jiyg;gpLk; Kiwf;F Kuz; jiyg;g[ vd;W bgah;. ,J xU tifahd cj;jp MFk;. "Kuz;ghL"³ vd;w jiyg;gpy; xd;Wf;bfhd;W Kuzhf bra;jpfis cs;slf;fpr; r\f mty';fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.

105

6.1.2 tpdhj; jiyg;g[

nfs;tpf;Fwpa[ld; Koa[k; jiyg;g[f;fs; tpdhj; jiyg;g[f;fs; MFk;. ,j;jifa jiyg;g[f;fs; tpdhit vGg;gp thrfh;fsJ rpe;jidiaf; fpsWk; tz;zk; mika[k;. ,j;jiyg;g[f;fs; ftp"dJ cs;sj;jpy; cs;s czh;t[fis czh;j;Jk; tifapy; mika[k;. "ePa[kh ,g;go>"⁴ vd;w jiyg;gpy; bghd;dhdJ khlkhspifbad;Wk; Xiyf; Foirbad;Wk; ghuhky; Rje;jpukhfr; Rw;wp jphpa ntz;oa eP Xiyf; Foiria tpl;L khlkhspifia kl;Lk; njo miyfpwhna> vd;gjid czh;j;Jk; tifapy; jiyg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

6.1.3 epfH;r;rpj; jiyg;g[

ele;j epfH;r;rpfisa[k;/ elf;fpd;w epfH;r;rpfisa[k; jiyg;ghff; bfhLj;J vGJtJ "epfH;r;rpj; jiyg;g[" MFk;. "tPl;ow;F bts;isaoj;J"⁵ vd;gJ xU epfH;r;rp. tPl;ow;F bts;isaoj;jhy; vd;d ed;ikfs; ekf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd vd;gjid ,j;jiyg;gpny bjspt[ld; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

6.1.4 cUtfj; jiyg;g[

ftpijapy; vijg; ghLfpd;whnuh mij ,d;bdhd;whf cUtfpj;J/ mt;t[Utfj;ijf; ftpijj; jiyg;ghf;Ffpwhh; ftp"h;.

,';F "bts;is cs;sk;"⁶ vd;w jiyg;gpy; bgz; fUg;g[ vd;W te;j khg;gps;is jpUk;gpr; brd;wjhy; fy';fpa bgz; jPapy; Fspj;jjhy; btd;W jzpe;jJ bts;is cs;sk; vd;gjid "bts;is cs;sk;" vDk; jiyg;gpd; \yk; czh;j;Jfpwhh;.

106

6.1.5 ,aw;ifj; jiyg;g[

,aw;ifapidj; jiyg;ghf itj;Jg; ghLtJ ,aw;ifj; jiyg;g[ vdyhk;. ftpijfspy; ,aw;;ifapidj; jiyg;ghf itj;Jg; ghlhj ftp"h;fs; ,y;iy vdyhk;. mt;tifapny ftp"h; "fhw;W"⁷vd;w jiyg;gpy;/ fhw;whdJ cUtk; ,y;yhky; gpwh; caph; thH cjtp g[hpa[k; cj;jkg[j;jpud; vd;W tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

6.2 eil

xt;bthU vGj;jhsUf;Fk; j';fSf;bfd;W jdpj;j eila[z;L. jkpH;f; ftpijfspy; eilia itj;J Mrphpaiu ,dk; fz;Lbfhs;s Koa[k;. gy;ntW cj;jpfisj; j';fs; eilapy; gad;gLj;jp vGjp tUfpwhh;fs;. ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$Pd; eilapy; fhzg;gLk; cj;jpfisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

1. nfs;tp eil

2. ciuahly; eil

3. ,aw;if eil

6.2.1 nfs;tp eil

ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$; jd;Dila ftpijfspy; nfs;tp eilia nkw;bfhz;Ls;shh;. nfs;tp nfl;L kf;fspd; rpe;jidiaf; fpswp tpLfpwhh;. ,e;jpah bgw;w Rje;jpuj;ij ehk; vy;nyhUk; ngzpf; fhf;f ntz;lhkh> vd;gjid/

107

",e;jpah bgw;w

Rje;jpuj;ijg;

ngzpf; fhf;f

ntz;lhnkh>"⁸ vd;fpwhh;. nkYk; xU ftpijapy; nfs;tp nfl;L tpila[k; gfUfpwhh;.

"ehis ekf;Fg;

gps;is gpwe;jhy;

ek;ik vg;go mwpKfk; bra;tha;>"⁹ vd;W nfs;tp nfl;Lg; gjpyhf/

"lho kk;kpf;F

lhl;lh fhl;o

mk;kh mg;gh

vd;nw ek;ik

mHF jkpHpy;

mwpKfk; bra;ntd;"¹⁰ vd;fpwhh;. nkYk; tPLk; ehLk; ekf;Fr; brhe;jk;

"gukd; xUtd;

ahUf;Fr; brhe;jk;>"¹¹ vdf; nfs;tp nfl;fpwhh;. kj xUikg;ghl;oid tpsf;Fk; tifapy;/

",uhkdh> g[j;jdh>

,naRth> my;yhth>"¹²vd;W nfs;tp eilapidr; rpwg;g[ld; vLj;jhSfpwhh;.

108

6.2.2 ciuahly; eil

kdpjh;fs;/ ,aw;ifnahnlh/ gpwnuhnlh ciuahLk; tifapy; fw;gid bra;J vGJtJ ciuahly; eil MFk;.

"cjpuj;J cwt[fs;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU kdpjd; ,d;bdhU egUld; ciuahLtJ nghy/

"rfpna*

,jaj;jpw;Fs;

ehk;

,jkha ;itj;jpUe;j

,d;g ,uhf';fis

,';nf

,wf;fp itj;J

bfh";rk;

,isg;ghWnthk;"¹³vd;W ciuahLfpwhh;.

6.2.3 ,aw;ifiaf; fhl;o mwpt[Wj;jy;

,aw;ifapd; jd;ikfs; mjd; rpwg;g[ ,ay;g[fisf; fhl;o mjd; \yk; kdpj caph;fSf;Fg; ghlk; fw;gpf;fpwhh;. ,jidf; ftp"h; "fhw;W" vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;/

"cUtk; ,y;yhky;

gpwh;

caph;thH

109

cjtp g[hpa[k;

cj;jk g[j;jpud;"¹⁴ vdf; fhw;wpd; ,aw;iff; Fzj;ijf; fhl;o mJnghy ehk; gpwh; thH cjtp g[hpa[k; cj;jkh;fshf khw ntz;Lk; vd typa[Wj;Jfpwhh;;.

6.2.4 gpwbkhHpf; fyg;g[

ftp"h; bgUk;ghyhd ftpijfspy; tlbkhHpr; brhw;fisf; ifahs;fpwhh;. ,r;brhw;fs; MH;e;j bghUisa[k;/ czh;t[fisa[k; btspg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpd;wd. me;j!;J/ mQpk;ir/ nt#k; nghd;w brhw;fs; ,tuJ tlbkhHpf; fyg;g[ eilf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,Jnghd;W M';fpy bkhHpr; brhw;fisa[k; ifahz;Ls;shh;. raidL/ fk;gpa{l;lh;/ !;nfd;/ QPl;lh;/ bl!;l;oa{g;/ lho/ kk;kp/ lhl;lh nghd;w brhw;fs; ,tuJ gpwbkhHpf; fyg;g[ eilf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

6.3 iQf;T totk;

ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$; etPd ,yf;fpaj;jpd vy;iy-fisj; bjhl;Lr; rKjha czh;t[fis iQf;T totj;njhL btspg;gLj;Jtjpy; ty;yth;. rpy ftpijfs; $g;ghdpa g[Jf;ftpij totkhd iQf;Ttpy; vGjg;gl;Ls;sd. jhkiuapid/ bgz;zhf;fp ,jH; tphpf;f cjaj;ij ehLfpwhs; vd;gjid/

",jH; tphpf;f

cjaj;ij ehLfpwhs;

110

jhkiu"¹⁵ vd;fpwhh;. CUf;bfy;yhk; fojk; tH';Fk; jghy;fhuDf;F xU fojKk; ,y;iy vd;gjid/

"if epiwaf; fojk;

xd;W Tl mtDf;fpy;iy

jghy;fhud;"¹⁶ vd;W TWk; ftp"h; eofd; vg;gog;gl;ltd; vd;gjid/

"clk;bgy;yhk; uj;jk;

Jilj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy; fhakpy;iy

eofd;"¹⁷vd;gjid kpfr; rpwg;ghf czh;j;jpanjhL/ tpah;it vg;nghJk; cg;g[f;F MfhJ vd;gjid

"cth;g;g[

cg;g[f;fhfhJ

tpah;it"¹⁸ ,J nghd;w ftpijfs; mUikahd iQf;T mike;jit MFk;.

6.4 Kuz;

g[Jf;ftpij cj;jpfspy; xd;whf Kuz; fhzg;gLfpwJ. r\f Kuz;fis vLj;Jf; TWk; nghJ Kuz; bjhlh;fs;/ Kuz;gl;l bghUSila brhw;fs; bghpJk; cjt[tijf; fhzyhk;.

"Rje;jpuk; bgw;W

ek; ehl;oy;

njrf; bfhoia

111

Vw;wplnt

Fz;L Jisf;fh

thfdj;jpy; gilfs;

R{H

tUk; epyik"¹⁹ vd;W TWk; nghJ Rje;jpuk;/ Fz;L Jisf;fh thfdk; Mfpa brhw;fs; xd;Wf;bfhd;W Kuz;gl;Lj; njrj;jpd; tpLjiy epiyia ,d;iwa epiynahL xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lk; tpjkhff; ftp"h; btspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;oa[s;shh;.

6.5 FwpaPL (Symbol)

"FwpaPL vd;gJ VnjDk; xd;W gpwpbjhd;whf epw;gJ. gpwpbjhd;iw cl;fUj;jhy; czh;j;JtJ"²⁰ FwpaPLfs; jdpf; FwpaPLfs; (Private Symbolism)/ kug[ tHpf; FwpaPLfs; (Traditional Symbolism), ,ay;g[f; FwpaPLfs; (Natural Symbolism) vd \tifahfg; gFf;fg;gLk;.²¹

fky. bry;tuh$; ,ay;g[f; FwpaPLfisj; jdJ ftpijfspy; gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh;. "JiwKfk;" vd;w jiyg;gpny/

"fUthl;L ehw;wj;ija[k;

fw;g{u thridaha;f;

bfstpf; bfhs;Sk;

khDl be";r';fs;

thH;f;ifbaDk;

112

xU rhqf;fha;

ghiy epyj;jpy;

kz;oapl;Lf;

bfhs;fpwhh;fs;"²² vd;W fUthl;L ehw;wj;ijna fw;g{u thridaha;f; bfhz;L thGk; mg;ghtp kf;fs; tapw;Wg;ghl;Lf;fhfg; ghiy epyj;jpy; kz;oapl;Lf; fplf;fpwhh;fs; vd;fpwhh;.

6.6 gpwE}y; gad;ghL

jd;Dila fUj;Jf;F tYt{l;lt[k;/ gpwh; fUj;ij kWj;Jj; jd;Dila fUj;ij epiyehl;lt[k;/ gpwh; fUj;ij kjpf;ft[k; gpwE}y; gad;ghL njitahdjhFk;. ,';F fky. bry;tuh$; jd;Dila fUj;ij muz; bra;a gpw E}y;fspYs;s fUj;Jf;fis vLj;jhs;fpwhh.; "Rj;jk; Rfk; jUk;"²³ "be";rpy; cuKk; ,d;wp neh;ikj; jpwDkpd;wp t";rid bra;thbud;W"²⁴ "fy;yhdhYk; fztd;/ g[y;yhdhYk; g[U#d;"²⁵ nghd;w bjhlh;fs; gpw E}y;fspypUe;J vLj;Jf; ifahsg;-gl;litfshFk;.

gpw E}y;fspypUe;J vLj;Jf; ifahsg;gLgtw;iwf; fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;J vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.

6.6.1 fhg;gpaf; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;jhsy;

fhg;gpaf; fUj;Jf;fisf; ifahSk; cj;jpiaf; ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspy; fhzyhk;. bgz;fisj; bja;tkhfg;

113

nghw;wp tz';Fk; ,j;jpUehl;oy; bgz;zoikj;jdk; vt;thW ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gjidr; Rl;of; fhl;Lk; nehf;fpy;/

"khjtpahapDk;

khoapy; thH;e;jhy;

fz;zfpg; gl;lk;.

fz;zfpahapDk;

Foirapy; thH;e;jhy;

khjtpg; gl;lk;"²⁶ vd;w thpfspd; thapyhfr; rpyg;gjpfhuf; fij khe;jh;fshk; khjtp/ fz;zfp nghd;nwhiu vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.

6.7 mHfpay; ghh;it

,aw;ifiag; gw;wpg; ghlhj ftp"h;fns ,y;iy vdyhk;. ,aw;ifaHfpy; cs;sj;ijg; gwpbfhLj;J ,aw;ifad;idia tpae;J ghLk; jd;ikapy; ftp"h;fspd; mHfpay; ghh;it fhzg;gLfpwJ. ",aw;ifj; njhw;wk; my;yJ fiyapy; cs;s mHiff; bfhz;L mDgtpf;Fk; czh;r;rp rk;ge;jkhdJ mHfpay; jj;Jtk;"²⁷ vd;ghh; "hd\h;j;jp.

"Xa;t[ ,y;yhky;

xa;ahukha;

XirbaGk;

ehj Kfk;

114

Kw;Wr; rpw;gpfs;

Ky;iy kyh;fsha;f;

nfhykpl

fy';fiu tpsf;Ffs;

fhyk; fhykha;f;

fjputndhL if nfhh;f;f"²⁸

vd;W JiwKfj;jpd; mHFf; fhl;rpapidf; TWtnjhL kl;Lkd;wp/ flw;fiuapy; khlkhspiffs; fhzg;glhj fhl;rpapid/

"g[ay; fhw;Wf;Fg;

gae;njh

fly; bfhe;jspg;ig epidj;njh

,';nf

khlkhspiffs;

vl;of; Tlg;

ghh;f;f tpy;iy

$dj; bjhifg;

bgUf;fkha;

Xiyf; Foirfs; kl;Lk;

kypthfpg; nghfpd;wd"²⁹ vd r\f czh;nthL mHfpay; ghh;itapy; ftpij gilj;Js;shh;.

115

6.8 m';fjk;

bjhy;fhg;gpak;

"m';fje;jhnd mhpy; jgj; bjhpapw;

brk; bghUs; fue;bjd tpUtifj; nj"³⁰vdf; Twpa[s;sJ. ftpkzp njrpf tpehafk; gps;is ,aw;wpa "kUkf;fs; tHp khd;kpak;" vd;Dk; E}y; m';fjr; Ritf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mika[k;.

m';fjk; vd;gJ eifr;Rita[k;/ kdpjdpd; jtWfs; nghd;wtw;iw vjph;f;Fk; gHpg;g[iua[k; bfhz;ljhf mika[k;. m';fjk; vd;gJk; xUtif cj;jpna. gpwuJ FiwghLfisr; Rl;of;fhl;oj; jpUj;JtJ m';fjnk MFk;.

6.8.1 fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspy; m';fjk;

fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspy; bgUk;ghYk; fhzg;gLk; ,yf;fpa cj;jp m';fjnk MFk;. m';fjk; vd;gJ gHpg;g[iu/ ieahz;o/ vs;sy; midj;Jk; fye;jjhFk;. eofd; gw;wpf; TWk;nghJ/

"clk; bgy;yhk; uj;jk;

Jilj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy; fhakpy;iy

eofd;"³¹ vd;W eofid vs;Sfpwhh;.

Md;kPfk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;/

"Md;kPfk; mw;wth;fs;

murhl;rp elj;Jtjhy;

Mz;ltd; rpiyfbsy;yhk;

116

md;dpa ehl;ow;F

mlF itf;fg;gLfpwJ"³² vd;W ieahz;o mof;fpwhh;. ,d;iwa etPd cyfpd; rpwg;ghd ,lj;jpidg; gpof;Fk; fk;gpa{l;liug; gw;wpf; TWk; nghJ/

"mLf;fis Kjy;

Mfhak; tiu

Ml;rp bra;tJ fk;gpa{l;lh;

fy;ahzk; Tl

fzpj;Jr; brhy;fpwJ

,e;jf; fk;gpa{l;lh;

Ml;Lf;Fk; khl;Lf;Fk; kl;Lky;y

kdpj Mj;khf;fSf;Fk;

fUt{l;ly; elf;fpwJ

mjdhy; 'bl!;l; oa{g;' FHe;ijfs;

jhuhska khf;fg;gl;Ls;sd"³³ vd;W m';fjr; RitnahL ftpijfs; gy gilj;Js;shh;.

6.9 bjhFg;g[iu

,t;tha;tpypUe;J gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs; bjhFf;fg;-gl;Ls;sd.

1. rKjhar; rpf;fy;fisj; jpwk;gl czh;j;Jtjw;Ff; ftp"h; gy;ntW tpjkhd cj;jpfisf; ifahz;Ls;shh;.

117

2. jiyg;g[f;fs; rKjha czh;tpidg; gpujpgypg;gdthf mikfpd;wd.

3. nfs;tp eil/ ciuahly; eil/ ,aw;ifapidf; fhl;o mwpt[Wj;Jjy; nghd;w cj;jpfisa[k; gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh;.

4. rpy ftpijfs; iQf;T totj;jpy; czh;r;rpg; gpHk;ghf mike;Js;sd.

5. ntj ,jpfhr fUj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jkJ fUj;ij typa[Wj;jpa[s;shh;.

6. ftp"hpd; mHfpa ghh;it r\f mty';fisna brhy;ypr; bry;fpwJ.

7. "m';fjk;" ftp"hpd; cj;jpfspy; Kjd;ik ,lj;ijg; bgWfpwJ.

8. FwpaPL/ Kuz; \yk; rKjha Vw;wj;jhH;t[fis Twpr; bry;fpwhh;.

9. ghLbghUs; Ritahft[k;/ mGj;jkhft[k; czh;j;jg;-gl;Ls;sJ.

10. fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wKk;/ czh;r;rpg; ghpkhw;wKk; ftpijapd; Kf;fpakhd nehf;f';fs; MFk;. ,e;nehf;f';fs; cj;jpfs; \yk; epiwntwpa[s;sJ vd;gij czuKofpwJ.

118

mof;Fwpg;g[f;fs;

1. lhf;lh;. rp.tp. kiwkiy/ Kg;bgUk; cj;jpfs;/ g. 19.

2. r.nt. Rg;gpukzpad;/ ,s';nfhtpd; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs;/ g. 6.

3. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ g. 118.

4. nk.g./ g. 69.

5. nk.g./ g. 64.

6. nk.g./ g. 109.

7. nk.g./ g. 49.

8. nk.g./ g. 80.

9. nk.g./ g. 87.

10. nk.g./ g. 88.

11. nk.g./ g. 99.

12. nk.g./ g. 149.

13. nk.g./ g. 92.

14. nk.g./ g. 49.

15. nk.g./ g. 156.

16. nk.g./ g. 156.

17. nk.g./ g. 156.

18. nk.g./ g. 156.

19. nk.g./ g. 74.

20. ,uhk. bghpa fUg;gd;/ r';f ,yf;fpa xg;gPL/ g. 280.

21. nk.g./ g. 231.

119

22. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ g. 53.

23. nk.g./ g. 65.

24. nk.g./ g. 86.

25. nk.g./ g. 115.

26. nk.g./ g. 42.

27. jh.v. "hd\h;j;jp/ ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;/ g. 62.

28. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ gf;. 50/ 51.

29. nk.g./ gf;. 52/ 53.

30. bjhy;fhg;gpah;/ bjhy;fhg;gpak; - bghUsjpfhuk;/ E}.v.

31. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/ g. 156.

32. nk.g./ g. 148.

33. nk.g./ g. 56.

,ay; - VG

Ma;t[ epiwt[iu

"fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfs; - Xh; Ma;t[" vd;Dk; jiyg;g[ gw;wpa ,t;tha;t[ \yk; g[yg;gLk; cz;ikfs; fPnH bjhFj;Jj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

rKjha czh;t[ bfhz;l ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$; ftpijfs; rKjhaj;jpd; ,d;iwa rpf;fy;fisa[k;/ mtw;iwj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd tHpKiwfisa[k; cs;slf;fpait MFk;.

,d;iwa rKjhak; gy gpur;ridfis/ mty';fis cs;slf;fpajhf cs;sJ. kdpj rKjhak; fhyk; fhykhf kz;oapl;L thGk; r\fkhfnt cs;sJ.

rKjhak; th;f;fg; ghFghl;ilf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpar; rKjhaj;jpy; bgz; moikg; bghUshfnt fUjg;gLfpwhs;. guk;giu guk;giuahfg; bgz; mlf;fp Msg;gl;nl te;Js;shs;. bgz;fs; bfhj;joikfshfr; rpiw thH;f;ifna thH;e;J bfhz;oUf;fpd;wdh;.

,d;iwa ,e;jpah rhjp rka Vw;wj;jhH;t[ epiwe;jjha; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rhjp rkag; gpur;ridfspy; Jd;g[WtJ ViHfns. Kjyhspj;Jt th;f;fj;jhy; rhjp rkag; nghuhl;lk; J}z;otplg;gLfpwJ. jPz;lhik bfhoa nehahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jhy; ViHfs; ,d;Dk; ViHfshfnt cs;sdh;. Rje;jpuk; gzf;fhu th;f;fj;jpw;nf ghJfhtyhf cs;sJ. rKjhak; twl;rp kpFe;J jz;zPh; ,y;yhkYk; bry;tr; brHpg;gw;Wk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

tWik vd;gJ jPuhj tpahjpahfnt cs;sJ.

122

,d;iwa fy;tpj; jpl;lk; eyk; gag;gjhf ,y;iy. gzk; gilj;jth;fSf;F kl;Lnk fy;tp vd;w epiy mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ. midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vd;gJk; fl;lhaf; fy;tp vd;gJk; btWk; Vl;lstpny kl;Lk; cs;sJ.

g[ul;rp kdk;/ Rak; rhh;e;j ek;gpf;if/ bghJt[ilikr; rpe;jid ,tw;wpd; \ykhfnt rKjhar; rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jPh;t[ fhz Koa[k; vd;gjpy; kpFe;j ek;gpf;ifa[ilath; ek; ftp"h;.

murpay;thjpfs; Raeyk;/ Mlk;guk;/ gjtp Mir/ kf;fspd; kPJ mf;fiwapd;ik nghd;wtw;wpd; bkhj;j cUtkhf tps';Ffpd;wdh;.

jPz;lhik vd;gJ ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; kpfg; bghpa bfhoa nehahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rKjhaj;jpy; rhjpapd; bgauhYk;/ bra;a[k; bjhHpypd; mog;gilapYk; kf;fs; ghjpg;g[f;F cs;shFk; epiy nghf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.

,e;jpar; rKjhak; CHy; epiwe;jhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. Rje;jpukhd thH;f;if vy;nyhUf;Fk; fpilf;fnt ,y;iy vd;gnj cz;ik.

,e;jpa ehL bghUshjhug; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; gpw ehLfspy; ifnae;jp epw;fpwJ. cs;ehl;Lg; gpur;ridfs; mjpfk; cs;sd. gphptpidthjk; jiy J}f;fp epw;fpwJ. Vfhjpgj;jpa Mjpf;f btwp ,d;Wk; ele;J bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

ftp"h; fky. bry;tuh$Pd; ftpijfspd; jiyg;g[f;fs; Tlr; rKjhag; gpur;ridfisg; gpujpgypg;gjhf mike;Js;sd. rKjhaj;jpd;

123

cs; m';fkhd FLk;gk;/ kdpjneak; vd ,tw;iwf; Tl jd; ftpijj; bjhFg;gpd; jiyg;g[f;fspy; bghUj;jpg; ghh;j;Js;shh;.

g[w thH;tpd; F+u';fisa[k;/ mfkdj;jpd; Ez; mjph;t[fisa[k; ,izthf;fk; bra;a[k; gy gok';fisa[k;/ rpj;jpu';fisa[k; ftp"h; jk; ftpijfspny ifahz;Ls;shh;.

,yf;fpa';fs; rKjhaj;jpd; cz;ik epiyia cyfpw;F czh;j;Jtjhf mika ntz;Lk;. r\fj;ijg; gw;wpg; ngRk; ,yf;fpa';fs; fhyj;jpdhy; mHpahjitahf ,Uf;Fk;. rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Fiwfisr; Rl;of;fhl;Lk; ,yf;fpak; rpwe;j ,yf;fpakhFk;. ,t;tif ,yf;fpa';fs; thH;tpy; kWkyh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jf; Toait.

,yf;fpaj;jpd; xU m';fk; ftpij. ,f;ftpijj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s g[Jik totk; g[Jf;ftpij. g[Jf;ftpijf;F tpj;jpl;lth; ghujp. ghujpf;Fg; gpd; g[Jf;ftpijapd; Kjy;tuhf e. gpr;r\h;j;jp jpfH;e;jhh;. kzpf;bfho/ thdk;gho/ vGj;J nghd;w ,jHpay; ,af;f';fspd; cjtpahy; g[Jf;ftpij jkpHpy; jlk;gjpf;fj; bjhl';fpaJ.

,d;iwa ftpij cyfpd; rpf;fy;fisa[k;/ akf';fisa[k;/ gok';fisa[k;/ khDl r\fj; jpwdpd; cs;shh;e;j gpst[fisa[k;/ beUly;fisa[k;/ Vf;f';fisa[k;/ Mf;f';fisa[k; czh;e;j ftpijfshf ftp"hpd; ftpijfs; cs;sd.

JizE}w;gl;oay;

,yf;fz E}y;

1. bjhy;fhg;gpah;/ bjhy;fhg;gpak;/

nrdhtiuah; ciu/

fHf btspaPL/

brd;id/

1967.

,yf;fpa E}w;fs;

1. fky. bry;tuh$;/ Te;jiyj; jl;o Ko/

rpj;jpuhyak;/

mUkid m";ry; - 629 151/

2003.

2. Rg;gpukzpak;/ r.nt. ,s';nfhtpd; ,yf;fpa

cj;jpfs;/

cyfj; jkpH; Muha;r;rp

epWtdk;/

1984.

3. brfehjd;/ M. fz;zjhrd; xU fz;nzhl;lk;/

thdjp gjpg;gfk;/

brd;id - 10/

1975.

4. bry;yg;gh/ rp.R. jkpHpy ;,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;/

vGj;J gpuRuk;/

brd;id - 7/

1974.

5. "hdrk;ge;jd;/ m.rh. ,yf;fpaf; fiy/

fHf btspaPL/

brd;id/

1984.

6. "hd\h;j;jp/ jh.V. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;/

nfhit/

1980.

126

7. gf;jtj;ry ghujp/ rp. gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;/

kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;/

brd;id - 11.

1990.

8. ghujpahh;/ ghujpahh; ftpijfs;/

ghujp gjpg;gfk;/

brd;id/

1960.

9. ghyRg;gpukzpak;/ rp. jkpH; ,yf;fpa tuyhW/

eWkyh;g; gjpg;gfk;/

brd;id - 29.

1891.

10. ghyh/ g[Jf;ftpij - xU g[Jg;ghh;it/ mfuk; btspaPL/

rptf';if - 10/

1983.

11. kiwkiy/ rp.,. g[Jf;ftpij Kg;bgUk;

cj;jpfs;/

jpUkfs; epiyak;/

brd;id/

1986.

12. Kj;ijah/ nf. jkpH; ,yf;fpa';fs; TWk;

th;f;f rKjhak;/

jhfk; gpuRuk;/

brd;id - 5/

1989.

13. nkj;jh/ K. fz;zPh; g{f;fs;/

tp$ah gjpg;gfk;/

nfhak;g[j;J}h;/

1974.

14. nkj;jh/ K. fUj;njhl;lk;/

md;dk; btspaPL/

rptf';if/

1976.

127

15. nkj;jh/ K. xU thdk; ,U rpwF/

jpUkfs; epiyak;/

brd;id - 12/

1983.

16. ty;ypf;fz;zd;/ g[Jf;ftpijapd; njhw;wKk;

tsh;r;rpa[k;/

vGj;J gpuRuk;/

brd;id -5/

1977.

17. thdkhkiy/ eh. g[Jf;ftpij Kw;nghf;Fk;

gpw;nghf;Fk;/

kf;fs; btspaPL ,yf;fpak;/

1975.

18. thdkhkiy/ eh. khh;f;!pa r\ftpay; bfhs;if/

epa{ br";Rhp g[f; Qt[!;

gpiuntl; ypl;/

brd;id - 4/

1976.

19. ituKj;J/ ,uh. jpUj;jp vGjpa jPh;g;g[fs;

fiy"d; gjpg;gfk; /

brd;id - 4/

1982.

20. ituKj;J/ ,uh. ,d;bdhU njrpa fPjk;/

fiy"d; gjpg;gfk;/

brd;id - 4/

1982.

21. b$ag;gpufh#;/ eh. rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; jkpHf

rKjha epiy/

thd;kiH gjpg;gfk;/

brd;id/

1978.

22. fiyf;fs";rpak;/

bjhFjp xd;W/

jkpH; tsh;r;rpf; fHfk;/

brd;id.

kamalaselvaraj

Thursday, 30 June 2016

கமல.செல்வராஜீன் கவிதைகள் - ஓர் ஆய்வு.

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